Responses to Cancer: Behavioural, Emotional and Physical

Responses to Cancer Behavioural, Emotional and PhysicalBehavioural, Emotional, Physical and cognitive ResponsesCancer is a mischievous disease cause by runa focal point division of abnormal cells and as a group, accounts for more than 14% of only deaths each year (Ahmedin, et al., 2008) and one time, the soul finds taboo or so his diagnosing with this deadly disease, the case-by-case is credibly to resilient skanky wound up, cognitive, physical and behavioral answer since, e trulyone knows that untreated and even treated pubic louse in some cases turn tail to be life threatening. The severity of these responses varies soully and is dependent on some(prenominal)(prenominal) factors much(prenominal) as whether the event was surprisingly recognized or whether preliminary complaints were present, plays a major agency (Verwoerdt, 1973). Furthermore, it depends on personal experience with the disease, for modelling, if earlier generations of the family had been dia gnosed with stoogecer (Verwoerdt, 1973).Behaviour is one of m either responses which plays a huge role throughout the individuals diagnosis and is most probable to assortment thoroughly. These Behavioural responses generally result from the genetic makeup, past experience and the persons perception of the current situation (Snyder, 2011). The individual is apt(predicate) to experience several behavioural change with certain timbres and be potential to prompt restlessness, stress, searching for several answers, anxiety or even disbelief.The initial step during the behavioural response commonly involve Pre- meditative/unawargonness ramification (Miller Rollnick, 2002). In this stage the individual is not interested in his diagnosis nor does he plan to do whateverthing about it. The individual is completely in state of abnegation, unmotivated and resistant regarding his diagnosis. The individual is alike likely to plump for his current behaviour if some former(a)s such (prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as his doctor or family fractions try to intervene.The second behavioural response stage involves contemplative pattern where the individual starts to hazard about his life and his family which ultimately chokes him to think about his diagnosis and treatment seriously (Miller Rollnick, 2002). Most individuals prevail to lead their problem at this phase and eventually start to plan about their future strategies to improve his and familys life.The third behavioural phase involves homework where the individual tend to realise that a change is inevitable (Miller Rollnick, 2002). The individuals also incline to realise the severity and seriousness of his cancer and usually makes several decisions and commitments to change the outcome of his diagnosis. This stage usually tend to be a period of transition and therefore, tend to be quite short.In the after part behavioural phase, the individual tries to implement several strategies to start a r evolutionary life (Miller Rollnick, 2002). The individuals going through this phase also tend to be realistic and open minded in terms of receiving help and support. This step normally is the willingpower stage for most individuals going through trial and practically tend to reward themselves to enhance motivation and self-confidence which often help them to deal with personal and external pressures.The fifth and last behavioural phase include maintenance where many individuals try to consolidate changes in their behaviour, to maintain the rising status quo and to prohibit relapse or lure (Miller Rollnick, 2002). The individual normally tend to see any previous behavioural change undesirable, unnecessary and customarily tries to implement new working strategies by the means of seeking help, usually a doctor.Whilst the individuals behaviour is fluctuating, emotion is likely to build up the moment the individual finds out about his cancer. These emotions often trigger respons es such as savourings of fear, anger, rage, sadness and dejection.Such sense modality swings argon tend to be normal andmost individual incline to live through this cold baths of feelings for a long time until the individual finds his way for himself to accept the disease.In most individuals, the diagnosis of Cancer triggers shock as the first emotional response (Tsao, 2010) which usually last from hours to days. Many individuals feel alienated, frozen and cannot think clearly. In this stage the patient is unable to guide basic necessities of his life, conducts help and constantly shows his emotions.The second response of emotion involves denial where the individual attempts to shut out the authenticity and magnitude of his situation by developing a fabricated, desirable reality (Tsao, 2010).Once the individual accepts his batch with the diagnosis and overcomes the denial, the third phase of emotion includes wrath and anger. During this phase the individual constantly thinks ab out his diagnosis to be unfair and ask questions such Why is it always me? Its not fair How can this transpire to me? (Tsao, 2010).The adjoining phase usually involve bargaining (Tsao, 2010) where many individuals try to manage with their fate by constantly making contentions such as disappointment do anything to live for few more years therefore creating a sense of hope. In this stage, the individuals also tend to isolate themselves from others and even prevent any human interactions.After the individual realises that his fate cannot be bargained embossment starts to take place as a fifth emotional phase (Tsao, 2010). In this phase, the patient is dealing with his diagnosis and the intensive life of unlike feelings which might lead the individual to the utmost limit of his mental capacity. The individuals psychological resistive system is also likely to be flooded with stimuli, which might often results in fatigue, hopelessness and resignation.Once, the depression is overwhe lmed acceptance, is likely to take place as a last step of emotional response (Tsao, 2010). In this phase the individual usually accepts his fate and makes statement such as I deal cancer and I will live with it as a motivation. Once the individual stabilises himself on this setting, he stands on a firm foundation for a self-determined life and inclines to makes new plans and to actively solve his problems.Cognitive is another major part the individuals response once the diagnosis has been revealed. In this phase, several prohibit thoughts tend to spread out whilst the individual is interacting such as communicating, reading, watching television, hearing to radio etc. (Park, 2013). cognitive changes in patients suffering from cancer may possibly be caused by disease, cancer treatment, complications of the treatment, comorbid conditions, side effects of drugs, other physiological responses to diagnosis of cancer (Park, 2013). In this response, the individual rargonly thinks pos itively and normally tends to thinks rationally and therefore several suicidal and self-harm thoughts tend to arise. This response takes place whilst emotional and behavioural response is developing and usually ends once the individuals treatment has been completed.Several physical response such as hair/weight loss, in talent to speak about the cancer without experiencing grief, overreacting to minor events, loss of appetite, fatigue etc. ar likely to arise throughout the whole process of cancer and its treatment. These physical changes are likely to make the individual feel shameful, guilty, paranoia and even Intellectualization. These graphemes of physical changes are usually seen once the emotional, behavioural and cognitive responses takes place (Moos Schaefer, 1984).In conclusion, the assault of any illness gives rise to a wide function of different responses such as emotional, cognitive, physical and behavioural which varies greatly from individual to individual, even in those with the same condition. However, from above information regarding various responses, it is clear that the above responses express are likely to arise at various point of any illness.ReferencesAhmedin, J. D., Siegel, R., Ward, E. D., Hao, Y. D., Xu, J. D., Murray, T., Thun, M. D. (2008). A Cancer journal for Clinicals. Cancer Statistics, 72. inside10.3322/CA.2007.0010Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational Interviewing Preparing tribe for Change. Behavioural change.Moos, R., Schaefer, J. (1984). Coping with Physical Illness. Springer US. doi10.1007/978-1-4684-4772-9_1Park, H.-J. (2013). Structural and operating(a) Brain Networks From Connections to Cognition. Cognition responses, 342(6158), 1238411 -1238411. doi10.1126/science.1238411Snyder, J. (2011). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behaviour. Behaviour, 476(7361), 458-461.Tsao, C. (2010). Kubler-Ross. Stages of Grief, 34(1), 38.Verwoerdt, A. (1973). Psychopharmacology and Aging. Springer US. doi10.1007/978-1-4684-7770-2_16Pneumonia Causes and TreatmentsPneumonia Causes and TreatmentsPneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung which can result from transmission system with particular bacterium, viruses or other organisms. It is characterised by lung parenchyma inflammation and the filling of the air-filled sacs of the lung (alveoli) with fluid resulting in a decrease in elasticity which leads to inefficient gas exchange. In excess of 5 million cases of infectious pneumonia are estimated to occur per annum in the US resulting in more than 1 million hospitalizations. The onset of this condition is usually prompted following the weakening of an individuals resistive system, such as by a viral upper respiratory tract contagious disease or following an incidence of influenza. It is a condition of particular concern in those over sixty five years of age, those with chronic immune disorders or young infants, all of whom have a trendd ability to combat infections.Retrieved from http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pnu/pnu_all.htmlAlmost half of all pneumonia cases originate bacterially. near incidences of pneumonia are acquired by the consumption of small droplets containing the organism or bacteria and these germs enter the air when the infected individual sneezes or coughs. In other circumstances the condition precipitates when bacteria or viruses that are present in the nose or mouth under normal conditions enter the lungs. However, if a person is weakened by an existing condition, severe pneumonia can develop. on with classification establish on the symptoms experienced, pneumonia can be categorized based on where or how the disease is contracted and can usually be divided into several subgroups which comprise hospital acquired pneumonia, community acquired pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia. ceiling can develop as a result of the attack unleashed by pathogenic microorganisms on the lung and the response of the immune system to the infection that ensues. S. pneumonia, H. influenza, C. pneumonia and M. pneumonia are the prevalent bacterial origins of the condition with S.pneumoniae presenting as the most frequent pathogen responsible following epidemiological studies (Luna et al., 2000). A relatively inoffensive form of pneumonia results that rarely involves hospitalization. In accordance with the guidelines developed by the American Thoracic orderliness for the management of CAP patients should be treated for the possibility of an atypical pathogen infection (Niederman et al., 2001). Organism-specific therapy may be possible in some patients depending on civilisation results. CAP is characterized by the presentation of a high fever, shaking chills and a cough with yellowish sputum which may be accompanied by chest pain. It can also cause shortness of breath which advantageously impacts those with chronic lung conditions such as asthma and emphysema.Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP ) tends to be more severe than pneumonia acquired in the community mostly due(p) to the fact that the organisms involved tend to be more aggressive and difficult to treat. Also, individuals in hospitals or superintend homes who contract this condition may often already have compromised immune systems and may not be able to fight off the infection. It cadaver the most frequent and severe nosocomial infection encountered in the intensive care unit and the mortality incidence of patients with HAP is high (33% of unventilated patients) (Smith-Sims, 2001). The symptoms of HAP are usually the same as CAP in general. Early and worthy antibiotic therapy has been discovered to result in a decline in patient mortality rates in clinical studies due to this sheath of pneumonia. Patients diagnosed with nosocomial pneumonia are twice as likely to survive if in receipt of suitable antibiotic therapy, with the timing and adequacy of treatment be of crucial importance (Celis et al., 1988). Due to the fact that the timing of antibiotic therapy with compliments to suspicion of pneumonia is an imperative factor affecting mortality and that HAP diagnosis remains elusive, initial empiric therapy appears to be best practice (Fiel, 2001).An example of an additional type of pneumonia is aspiration pneumonia which is often described as the inspiration of foreign substances such as gastric matter into the lungs. This can lead toconditions such aspiration pneumonia and aspiration pneumonitis. Aspiration pneumonitis results from chemical injury due to the inhalation of sterile gastric materials whereas aspiration pneumonia is an infectious process resulting from inhalation of saliva which has been previously colonised by pathogenic bacteria (Marik, 2001). Factors that predispose an individual to aspiration pneumonia include a decreased level of consciousness, neurologic disorders, dysphagia and the aspiration of material in association with a tracheostomy (Finegold, 1991). germi cide agents are the keystone of treatment and prolonged therapy is important in the legal profession of relapse.Viral pneumonia on the other hand can be caused by the influenza virus along with herpes or varicella, including those responsible for the volcanic eruption of the common cold (adenoviruses). The two types of influenza virus, A and B, are characterised by respiratory complaints in conjunction with headaches, fever and go across aches. Contracting herpes or varicella pneumonia is usually rare unless infection with the varicella herpes zoster virus virus (chicken pox) occurs. Adenovirus originating pneumonia is frequently accompanied by common cold symptoms such as a runny nose and conjunctivitis. Viral pneumonia symptoms include muscle aches, tiredness, low grade fever and the presence of a cough with very(prenominal) little mucus It is rarely serious and usually does not require admittance to hospital. Medicines such as analgesics (to relieve chest pain) and acetamino phen (to reduce fever) may be given to alleviate symptoms however this particular type of pneumonia is resistant to treatment with antibiotics unlike its bacterial counterpart.A vast range of diagnostic strategies are available to identify the presence of pneumonia in individuals. These include laboratory tests such as sputum examination, blood cultures or urinary antigen tests for the suspected bacterium involved. Chest X-rays are common diagnostic tools utilized and are helpful in the detection of complications of the condition also. The treatment for pneumonia can vary depending on the gravity of the symptoms and the category of pneumonia the patient has. Bacterial pneumonia requires the brass section of an antibiotic, the choice of which is influenced by the age of the patient, chronic medical conditions they may have and the microorganism responsible for the infection. Macrolides are the most popular choice of antibiotic and are usually recommended in the treatment of CAP as they are effective against most microorganisms involved in this particular class of pneumonia. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may be administered if the patient has a history of COPD or skunk. These antibiotics are usually accompanied by anti-fever medications such as ibuprofen and on occasion a cough suppressant may be suggested.There are fewer options in the treatment of viral pneumonia however as very few antiviral agents are available on the market. Acyclovir is good in children with lung infections involving herpes simplex, herpes zoster or varicella varieties (Feldman, 1994). Ganciclovir has been successfully demonstrated in immunocompromised patients with conditions such as AIDS or transplant patients with CMV (cytomegalovirus) pneumonia (Reed et al., 1988).The prognosis of pneumonia is quite good in patients without complications. To help oneself in the prevention of this condition, rigorous hygiene procedures should be followed in settings such as hospitals and nursi ng homes where there are individuals present with compromised immune systems. Also, smoking cessation should be encouraged in patients. Current research is underway to establish a more efficient treatment for this condition which will still eradicate the infectious microorganism and promote early disproof but without the inflammatory tissue injury associated with sepsis (Cazzola et al., 2005).BibliographyCAZZOLA, M., MATERA, M. PEZZUTO, G. 2005. Inflammation-a new therapeutic mark in pneumonia. Respiration, 72, 117-126.CELIS, R., TORRES, A., GATELL, J., ALMELA, M., RODRIGUEZ-ROISIN, R. 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American Journal of respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 163, 1730.REED, E., BOWDEN, R., DANDLIKER, P., LILLEBY, K. MEYERS, J. 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immune gamma globulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Annals of internal medicine, 109, 783.SMITH-SIMS, K. 2001. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia. The American Journal of Nursing, 101, 24-24.