Negotiating Teams

What are the most important considerations in selecting a negotiation team? Give examples. Why is time an important consideration in international business negotiations. There are four steps that lead to more efficient and effective international business negotiations. The first step is to select an appropriate negotiation team. Successful global business is dependent on a skillful international negotiator. A good negotiator should be mature, flexible, empathetic, emotionally stable, knowledgeable, optimistic, team player, good listener, influential, and have stamina. Probably the single most important quality needed for a negotiator is listening. A good negotiator must also be aware of cultural differences with whom they are negotiating. It is important to know the negotiating differences between people involved like their language, values, non verbal behaviors, and decision making process. For example, the American culture is based on independence and individualism. Americans need to learn how be part of a team and use team assistance to be a successful negotiation team. Another example, in regards to being a good listener, would be that someone on the negotiation team needs to collect information by taking good notes during meetings. It is very important that they listen carefully without speaking and interpret the needs of the people that they are negotiating with. Generally, experienced negotiators say that there is never enough time to prepare for negotiations. Lots of time is needed to assess the situation, assess the people you are negotiating with, gather facts, plan an agenda, think about possible agreements and strategies, and assign the team their responsibilities. Different cultures think differently on how their time is spent during negotiations. Some cultures like to structure negotiation time tackling all the issues at once and other cultures like to split up the issues and tackle them one at a time. Making sure that enough time is spent on each step of negotiations can vary from country to country. Time is an important factor to make sure that all four steps: nontask sounding, task related information exchange, persuasion, and concessions and agreements all receive an appropriate amount of time dedicated to each step. Certain cultures are more sensitive to time, like Americans, and if others involved in the negotiations don’t keep appropriate timing to the start, during, and end of negotiations it may cause misunderstandings. Time is involved in all steps of international business negotiations and is very important consideration during the planning, during the process of negotiations, after the negotiations and related to cultural awareness.

Fast Food in the United States Essay

Food prepared quickly for consumers is how we define fast food. Fast food restaurants main purpose is to provide food in a short amount of time for the customers. They are inexpensive, quick, and convenient. The first or the earliest fast food restaurant that had started this fast food chain is the infamous McDonalds. The first McDonalds was not how the current one is like now. It was actually a restaurant that served barbeque foods in the 1940s. The brothers, Dick and Maurice McDonald were the first ones to come up with the idea of â€Å"eating quickly†. Therefore, they developed the idea of preparing food in a speed like way and so they changed their menus and started with hamburgers, french fries, and milkshakes. The business was successful and the brothers decided to expand their company and therefore opened their restaurants in different locations (Ganzel, 2007). Although fast food is inexpensive and convenient, consuming too much of it can impact the human health and environment. McDonalds is the most popular fast food chain. Currently, every McDonald is open in every state in the U. S. not to mention internationally too. We see McDonalds everywhere even if we go on a road-trip there will be McDonalds in the middle of nowhere. McDonalds is located in every local area for convenience. Since it is very convenient, many American consumers would drop by because it is quick and easy. Fast food chain expanded very quickly because it became high in demand because of the convenience (USDA). Thus, more and more people with busy lives start to rely on them because they are fast and ready to go. According to CBS news, in the year of 2009 â€Å"Americans spend over $110 billion on fast food more than they’ll spend on movies, books, magazines, etc. , every day about one quarter of the U. S. population eats fast food. † This shows that many Americans have become highly obsessed with fast foods. Since this article was published in 2009, then in 2012 Americans most likely would spend more. The price of each meal attracts consumers, making them believe that having more amount of food for that price is a great deal. Those who are in financial crisis rely on these fast food chains to survive. That is why fast food businesses like McDonalds are very successful. Their advertisement also targets children by including toy figures in the meal, which entices them to consume the meals. I’m sure that many children in the U. S. has eaten McDonalds, even I used to love eating them when I was a kid. I loved to collect the toys from happy meals, and in order to collect them I had to consume their meals. Since McDonalds attracts many children, nowadays children are having the issue of obesity. Even though McDonalds and other food chains are very convenient and inexpensive, however it can lead to other problems such as our health. Money is important in life and without money surviving in this society would be difficult, however health should be the priority in life. I believe that being healthy should be our number one priority instead of money. Being healthy allows us to earn profits so that we can live an easier life. If something were to happen, then we would have to spend an enormous amount of money to recover our health. Therefore, staying healthy can help conserve money. Consuming fast foods frequently can affect the health of the individual. According to the National Institutes of Health, adolescents who often eat at fast-food restaurants tend to gain additional weight and have a higher chance of increasing insulin resistance. If they continue to frequent at these fast food chains then there could be a high risk of attaining type 2 diabetes. Diabetes can also be the cause of heart disease (NIH). The reason why people can gain weight so easily through frequent fast food consumption is because of the calories intake. They consume more calories than they usually need per day, and whatever that is left over, the extra becomes fat especially foods that have trans fat in them. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U. S. population that consumes fast foods which contains sodium exceeds the amount the body needs. Excessive sodium consumption increases blood pressure, which is a high possibility in getting heart diseases and strokes. CDC stated, â€Å"51% and 27% of sodium consumed came from foods obtained at fast food/pizza restaurants. † People need to value their eating habits, the alternative from fast food chains to home made foods can make a great difference in life. The infamous McDonalds food productions are similar to all of the other fast food restaurants. According to food safety magazine, McDonalds purchase their ingredients from different suppliers. They work with not just hundreds but thousands of suppliers so that the foods would be stocked up. The meat, bread, vegetables, and packaging all have their own factories (Food Safety Magazine, 2006). Each one of them produce that certain product and McDonalds purchases it from them and puts all the ingredients together then serve it to the customers. McDonalds food production process is not simple, for example they not only have to produce the food but also test every single one of them. â€Å" The McDonald’s system requires constant quality checks throughout the supply chain process and proven traceability programs, at least one step back to the ingredient supplier, and in some cases, tracking all the way back to the farm. † (Food safety magazine, 2006) Their suppliers are required to meet the standards of food safety so that there wouldn’t be anything wrong with the product when the customers consume it. McDonalds was also one of the first ones to test the safety of fresh-cut produce in packages for distributing to other restaurants (FDA). They tried this so that in hope it could reduce any microbial hazards. McDonalds is the ideal role of a fast food restaurant, and many others try to follow its standards. McDonald consumption does not only affect health but it also impacts the environment. Due to McDonald’s food packaging many individuals liter and that trash harms the wildlife. Since McDonald’s is located everywhere in the city, state, and country the area always has McDonald’s packaging remains. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), they have been trying to reduce the packaging at fast food establishments. They tried to develop this reduction program for those take out food containers, which are the â€Å"largest documented contributor of trash in urban waterways that flows into SF Bay, and, with partner cities, conduct outreach at fast food establishments (EPA). † This shows that McDonald’s is also the contributor in harming the environment, though McDonalds is not the only one the other fast food chains also contribute to this. Since McDonalds has expanded and has survived for all these years that means food production factories has expanded also to keep the restaurants in stock. Which means that the cattle have increased and seizing more land for the factories. This also involves in harming the environment because that means more wastes from factories and cattle. McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world. According to business week, McDonald’s corporation annual earnings in 2011 are $5. 27 per share as of January 24, 2012. McDonald’s corporation’s third quarter of 2012 revenues is about 7. 2 billion dollars, which has increased compared to before. As you can see McDonald’s profits are quite a lot. By selling inexpensive food you would think that they probably wouldn’t earn much, however having many customers consuming everyday in all of U. S. is very profitable. Food Safety Magazine stated, as of 2006 including all around the world, around 13,700 restaurants served nearly 26 million customers per day. Since this article is published in 2006, that means at present, 2012 McDonalds most likely expanded their restaurants twice as much and most likely restaurants would be serving at least 26 million customers per day. With that many consumers, fast food companies especially McDonalds profit a lot. Honestly, I used to eat McDonalds at least once in every two weeks and I was under the category of overweight. I liked eating it because it was very fast and convenient especially every time I get hungry, it satisfies my hunger. However, after watching this video in middle school called Super Size Me. It changed my perspective on fast food restaurants. The video portrayed about this man who tried to eat McDonalds Food everyday for a month. He bought everything super sized and constantly consumed it for thirty days straight. You could see that he has gained a lot of weight and he just didn’t look healthy at all, but sick instead. At some times he would throw it up. This video had changed my eating habits, and I have been eating healthy. Eating healthy has energized my body and exercising is easier because eating healthier helps you lose weight. After watching this video, I have not eaten McDonalds as much. Maybe once in awhile lets say about once in six months, but my body felt great without eating fast foods. Overall, fast food companies at present are everywhere and people especially those who are not financially supported through jobs are relying on these inexpensive foods. Foods that are able to satisfy their hunger but is unhealthy. Frequently consuming fast foods cause health problems. The number one that fast food causes is obesity that could lead to heart diseases and diabetes. People need to change their eating habits, by eating healthier foods. Changing eating habits by eating healthier can change the lifestyle of that individual so that it could prolong their life. References Gale, S. Y. (2006, February). CASE STUDIES IN FOOD PROTECTION McDonaldds USA: A Golden Arch of Supply Chain Food Safety. Food Safety Magazine. Retrieved from http://www. foodsafetymagazine. com/article. asp? id=491&sub=sub1. Chapter VI. Microbiological Safety of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. (2012, June 15). U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. fda. gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091368. htm Frequent Fast Food Meals Increase Weight, Diabetes Risk, Study Says, December 30, 2004 Press Release. (2004, December 30). National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved from http://www. nih. gov/news/pr/dec2004/nhlbi-30. htm Stewart, H. , Blisard, N. , Bhuyan, S. , & Nayga, R. (2004, January). The Demand of Food Away From Home Full-Service or fast food? USDA ERS – Home. Retrieved from http://www. ers. usda. gov/media/306585/aer829_1_. pdf. Vital Signs: Food Categories Contributing the Most to Sodium Consumption — United States, 2007–2008. (2012, February 10). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6105a3. htm? s_cid=mm6105a3_w Yogi, D. (2012, October 17). 10/17/2012: EPA Awards $6. 5 Million for Ten Projects to Restore. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://yosemite. epa. gov/opa/admpress. nsf/931381dfcd9a5c308525779700424ccd/82c31b3e568b570585257a9a0058ed1c! opendocument MCDONALD’S CORP (MCD:New York): Earnings Estimates – Businessweek. (2012, November 6). Investing & Stock Research by Company and Industry – Businessweek. Retrieved from http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/earnings/earnings. asp? ticke r=MCD Ganzel, B. (2007). Fast Food during the 1950s and 60s. Wessels Living History Farm, Inc. Retrieved from http://www. livinghistoryfarm. org/farminginthe50s/life_16. html Schlossar, E. (2009, February 9). Americans Are Obsessed with Fast Food: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/2100-204_162-326858. html.

H.w Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

H.w - Essay Example In supporting this view, Plato gave an in-depth analysis of what justice is. In this analysis, Plato divided justice into two categories, i.e. the justice of the state (political justice), and individual justice. Political justice, for Plato, comes about in a state when the tripartite constitutive elements of the state operate harmoniously. The tripartite elements are the Workers (productive class), the Auxiliaries (the soldiers), and the Guardians (the rulers). A harmonious working cooperation among the three classes of people in the state ensures that there is harmony, and hence justice in the state. Analogously, for Plato, human soul has three elements corresponding to the tripartite elements of the state. The constitutive tripartite elements of the human soul are the appetitive element- corresponding to the productive element in the state, the spirited element- corresponding to the auxiliary element in the state, and the rational element- corresponding to the guardian element in the state. Plato then argued that, the function of the soul is to live and it is these three elements of the human soul that ensures human life. Plato, therefore, conceived justice as a virtue of the soul that is brought about by the harmonious functioning of the three elements of the human soul. As a virtue of the soul, therefore, Plato concluded that justice is good in and of itself because it is a necessary condition for human happiness. In my reasoned opinion, this argument by Plato in response to Glaucon and Adeimantus is persuasive argument. This is because Plato explains clearly, by demonstration and concrete example, why justice is intrinsically good. By arguing that justice is a virtue that results from the harmonious functioning of the three constitutive elements of the human soul, Plato has clearly demonstrated that justice as a virtue is good in and of itself. The main relationship between this response and Plato’s conception of

Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics - Coursework Example The business world is adopting information technology (IT). This is the use of computers for data and information management, which results in new ethical concerns. It is, therefore, the responsibility of computer developers, users and other stakeholders to define what amounts to violation of the accepted ethical laws, prevention of unethical practices, and the remedy if such violation occurs. Various individuals have different reasons for adopting information technology (IT) in their daily activities, most of whom mean well, at least for themselves and their firms. These noble intentions may have a negative effect on others, and that is where computer ethics play a part. In addition, IT has brought with it new forms of criminal activities not clearly defined by existing laws. In fact, the laws defining IT related crimes quickly become obsolete due to the fast rate at which the technology and the vices that come with it are evolving (Lee and Chan, 2007). Approaches by Decision Makers and Those Affected In the attempt to join the computer revolution, managers, employees, customers, and shareholders have adopted the use of IT for various reasons, mostly to benefit themselves before the goodwill can spread to others. Everyone at the workplace stands to gain a lot from IT except those who stand to lose their jobs as a result. Managers want to ensure that their companies minimize costs and maximize profits in order to please shareholders and creditors. In addition, the management also wants to ensure they have all the relevant information, including the one easily overlooked by employees, before making critical decisions that affect both the present and the future business landscape of the firm. In summary, the management wants higher efficiency, and if possible, at a lower cost. The employees, on the other hand, want adoption of IT because of the better opportunities it has to offer. For those who have to beat targets, it is easier to reach their customers without having to meet them physically, and more customers can be served at a relatively shorter time as no time is wasted travelling to them. IT is also an excellent way of posting reports and book keeping regardless of the distance one is from the office. However, IT also has negative effects. First, the employees and management, in their quest for more customers and higher profits, resort to using illegal and unethical means to obtain customer information. Second, retrenchment starts once the management realizes it can make sales online with little or no help from salespeople. The idea that started as an admirable thing now results in sales people and most of the accounting staff losing their jobs. A reliable IT system can sell and do accounting analysis in no time, with little input from employees (Maurice, Schweitzer and Gibson, 2007). Conflicting Objectives of Business Leaders Beating competition, marketing, and ensuring the business prospers are the principal functions of efficient m anagement. In addition, the management should keep its employees in a favorable state of mind since they are the core drivers of the business. However, in their quest to fulfill their obligations to the business and the community, these business leaders become involved in some practices that go against the

The Constitutionality of the New Health Care Bill Essay

The Constitutionality of the New Health Care Bill - Essay Example This seems like such a noble course that any administration would want to take up. The contention that has arisen is the question that the panels of legal experts at the judiciary committee hearings is whether any arm of the government, in this case, whether Congress has any powers under section 8, Article I, of the Constitution, to force people to take up a health policy. There are those who think that Congress has legitimate authority to do this on one side, while on the other, there are those who are convinced that this move is not constitutional or lacks the constitutional mandate to be supported. One clear opposition for the health care bill comes for Senator Grassley of Iowa. According to him the overhaul of the healthcare system would cause major problems, among them being the question of an individual’s mandate. Up until now, there are four district court judges who have made rulings as to the merits of the overhaul of health care. Two judges appointed by Republican pr esidents have struck down the entire law, including the mandated provisions on one hand, on the other; two judges appointed by Democratic presidents have upheld the law as being constitutional. The question remains is it really unconstitutional. The Constitutionality Question This paper endeavors to reveal the unconstitutionality of the bill. The fundamental reason that this paper presents this position is based on the fact that the individual mandate of the law is within the legal bounds of the powers of Congress under the clause of commerce. This is based on the argument that insurance of a person’s health would generally qualify as a rule of commerce. Under the constitutions’ commerce clause, Congress has the power to set rules that would govern commercial activities. There is a proposition that has been put forward by those claiming that the bill is unconstitutional because individual mandate can be objected. It is based on this argument that opposition to the heal th care bill has been found. It is argued that there is no way Congress should have the power to regulate how an individual makes the decision to purchase or not to purchase health care policies. However, the provisions of the Constitution do not prevent or limit the powers and mandates of Congress. There is no law constitutional or otherwise that in text or common law or any other doctrine that limits the extent to which Congress can regulate any activity. This fact that Congress can require every American citizen to purchase insurance for health from a private company, more so penalize those who do not do this. Under the commerce clause that has been raised above, Congress has the power to regulate commerce in several states. It should be noted that the legislative branch of the government has the duty to make the laws of the country. Up until now, it remains the only arm of the United States government that existed, albeit in a different form, before the constitution was enacted. It was the view of those who framed the constitution that Congress will be a strong arm of government as compared to the judicial and the executive branches. It is for this reason that the powers of Congress were spelled out in very considerable details. To check Congress, the powers of this arm of government were also checked and limits put upon it to ensure there was a balance in its weight as against the

The Best Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Best Experience - Essay Example It depicts different cultures and heritages of the world and allows professionals to explore beyond the boundaries of their origin. I am personally very ambitious about diving in the field of fashion product development and acquire the best that this field can offer to the candidates. I believe this institution has all the right ingredients for a passionate learner like me. The theories of aesthetics and the history of fashion development form an integral part of the course and I realize that these, along with an individual’s creativity and conceptual understanding help a great deal.Past experience always helps an artist to be more creative and expressive in his ideas. My experience has allowed me to explore my potential in this regard and I am optimistic about my revival in the field of Fashion Product Development. Working in the clothing company and designing t-shirts has been a good exposure. I have learned that there are different types of people with varying strengths and areas for improvement. I am no exception because life has to move on despite all the ups and downs. Rejoining the University would be the best thing at this stage because I will not only be able to catch-up with my profession but also be able to gain the best possible knowledge in the field of my choice. The university will help me to understand the field of fashion and learn the important aspects of this field. I am truly committed to my career and I will put in all my strength and efforts to meet the requirements of the university.

Market analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market analysis - Essay Example The present study would analyze the case of Nintendo Corporation and analyze its elements of marketing mix. Nintendo is a Japanese game console manufacturing and marketing company that is engaged in the production of gaming consoles. The company was established in the year 1889 and since then has been credited with being one of the pioneers in the industry segment. Some of its innovations like Mario are still quite popular among the target market audience. The company presently has subsidiaries across many nations of the world including manufacturing units that help it to make it one of the best known brands in its category (Nintendo, â€Å"Company History†). Discussion In order to analyze the business strategies of Nintendo it is very important to analyze its elements of marketing mix. The elements of marketing mix for product category firms like Nintendo include the aspects of Product, Price, Place and Promotions. Product The new Wii product launched by Nintendo has somewhat helped generate profit margins for the company since the failure of game cube. The company faced stiff competition from competitors like Sony and X Box who used flashy designs and fast technology to generate innovations. Nintendo however did not follow the same strategy; instead it chose to maintain its focus on gaming consoles. The main reason behind this aspect of strategy was to create a distinction between Wii and the other consoles available in the market and follow a differentiation strategy. The company is of the view that this differentiation strategy would help generate a distinct identity and a unique positioning of the brand in the minds of the target market audience. The company also thinks that blindly following their competitor’s moves would not help in the long run as Nintendo is of the opinion that fast technology based innovations are likely to have a fad effect and tend to dissolve very quickly. Nintendo is of the faith that a firm using such core competenc e has to constantly upgrade their innovations and that their positioning in the minds of the customers can easily change considering the fact that their demands are constantly fluctuating. Instead of giving fast technologies the company would emphasize on providing greater values to its customers. One of the essential features of the Wii is its small size that makes it easier to carry and use. The company is of the faith that this would provide greater mobility and flexibility to the product and that such features were not present with any of the competitors of the company. The new controller of the console introduced by Nintendo in its product Wii has helped introduced movements and mobility in the product. This was a completely new feature in the market and has been largely done in order to use innovations to segregate their product offerings in the market. Nintendo also believed in creating a product design that would not only fascinate kinds but would be attractive to all the fa mily members across various age groups. It is because of this reason that the company chose to focus on design rather than high end software and complex hardwires as done by all its competitors in the market. The company’s strategy of keeping a small design has helped it to reposition the product and showcase it as a fun device rather than another innovation in the existing product line. Nintendo’s main intention of keeping the size small was perhaps its most important and vital competitive edge as Nintendo was able to position the product as a modified form of toy appealing to all age groups rather than another addition to the existing product line. The design of the product that constitutes its core competence also includes easy handling and greater maneuverability that

Managment case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managment case - Essay Example Also, by developing a vertical hierarchy where the plant manager is the ultimate authority with multiple layers of management reporting directly to this role, legitimate power through authority is developed effectively. Joined with more visibility among influential players in the business as well as the production staff, this provides more legitimacy and shows off expertise as a means to gain power and control. Doing this will also develop more name recognition for the plant manager among all different layers of authority and subordinate work teams as a means to increase power. Even though the plant management team seems to be on-board with all of the changes being discussed in private management meetings, they are not accomplishing the goals that have been laid out related to productivity and quality standards. The manager needs to develop retribution tactics against the plant management team, from Engineering through to Quality Control in order to ensure that new controls are being developed to meet standards. This can be done either through direct coercion or through intimidation. The plant manager is new in this role and only 33 years of age, therefore there are many opportunities for other seasoned managers to resist change, a common situation in this type of industrial environment. By transforming requests into direct threats, such as I will punish you if you do not meet my expectations, the plant manager sets up a punishment system or can also reward based on meeting productivity and quality targets. Retribution provides quick and immediate results by indicating that there will be consequences if the goals are not achieved, something that must be done at River Woods. However, in relation to the absentee problem, the plant manager can also rely on the close interpersonal relationships between the management team and the production workers

Nosocomial Diseases Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nosocomial Diseases - Annotated Bibliography Example Giving such a thorough overview is useful in tackling most of the basic knowledge needed to fully answer the thesis statement, as well as providing information on the specific prevention tactics that clinical staff can take. This peer-reviewed paper gives information provided by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on nosocomial infections. This gives an official perspective on how to deal with the infections as well as their prevalence in medical environments. The definitions also cover the various diagnostic tests that need to be used to confirm the presence of a nosocomial infection as well as the infectious agent, which is important in ensuring the correct course of action is taken. This paper is not very useful in answering the question. The first problem is that it is over 25 years old, and epidemiology is a rapidly changing subject, and nosocomial infections are on the increase. It could have a purpose in arguing the thesis, if combined with more current epidemiological paper, because the thesis mentions the fact that hospital acquired infections are a rising trend. This source is only good in context. Again, this research paper is quite old, but does give an overview of the trends in the types of microbe that are involved in nosocomial infection. This paper gives a lot of scientific knowledge about the nature of the infectious agent and how they are likely to evolve and mutate to cause more problems in the hospital environment. It also warns against the over-use of antibiotics, something that we see today is causing a number of issues in producing antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains which are commonly seen in nosocomial infections such as MRSA. Although the information here should be taken with caution, it does provide some interesting perspectives. This is a clinical reference text and therefore can be used to provide

American Presidents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Presidents - Essay Example There is no doubt that the contrast between the two is stark, and that Bill Clinton was a far superior leader and far more worthy of the respect, admiration and gratitude of Americans. The reputation of the United States is the first area in which the difference between Bush and Clinton is stark. Under Clinton, the United States respected multilateral agreements, sought consensus among the international community on matters of great import, projected the power of the United States in a non-arrogant manner, and respected human rights. For example, Clinton pursued and successfully achieved treaties that grew and strengthened international trade, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). He also helped negotiate the Kyoto Protocol against global warming. In addition, he utilized U.S. military power when necessary and within the context of NATO, as was the case in Kosovo. Because of his active solicitation of and respect for the opinions and influence of other nations, the United States enjoyed a high degree of respect and admiration throughout the world. On the contrary, Bush has led ... backpedaled on security assurances that had been made to North Korea, effectively provoking that country to resume nuclear weapons development and causing them to return to caustic anti-American propaganda and posturing. In addition, he pulled out of the Kyoto accord on global warming, effectively leaving much of the rest of the world high and dry when it comes to efforts to fight against the growing environmental calamity. Most importantly, he thumbed his nose at the world when deciding to unilaterally invade Iraq on a false pretext, and then arrogantly recast the Iraq war as the front line in the "war on terror" when it became apparent that his WMD pretext for the invasion was bogus. In short, the Bush presidency has personified the "ugly American" stereotype of the loose cannon cowboy blindly shooting first and asking questions later. As such, America's reputation in the world has never been lower. A second issue that illustrates a wide gulf between the administrations of George W. Bush and Bill Clinton is that of the economy and the federal budget. Under Clinton, America's economy sustained the longest and strongest economic expansion in history, adding jobs at an unprecedented clip, growing people's investment portfolios astronomically, and prompting an improvement in the quality of life of Americans at all levels of the socio-economic spectrum. Clinton got elected largely based on a groundswell of popular discontent with the state of the economy under his predecessor, George H.W. Bush. He did not disappoint, as few would argue that the economy did not grow at an amazing clip that benefited nearly all Americans. By contrast, George W. Bush has led America into a period of economic stagnation, essentially returning the country to the state it was in when Clinton

The rate of reaction between Nitric Essay Example for Free

The rate of reaction between Nitric Essay Hot water   Thermometer   Ice Method: The Trough Method 1) Pour water into plastic container. 2) Pour water into measuring cylinder, and place it upside down in the plastic container full of water. 3) Place rubber tubing inside measuring cylinder. 4) Clamp the measuring cylinder in place. 5) Pour water (of the temperature you have chosen) into a beaker. 6) Pour 20cm3 of nitric acid into a boiling tube. 7) Place a calcium carbonate chip (of what mass you have chosen) inside the boiling tube. 8) Place bung firmly on top of the boiling tube. 9) Start the timer as soon as you place the bung on the boiling tube. Safety: 1) Wear safety goggles. 2) Hold bung from the end and not from the delivery tube to avoid injury. 3) If there is hot water in a beaker, hold the beaker from the rim. 4) Also place apparatus on the middle of the bench to avoid spillages and to avoid injury. How I kept it a Fair Test: I kept the mass of the calcium carbonate chip at 0. 48g. I kept the amount of nitric acid at 20cm3. I equilibrated the equipment to the reacting temperature. I took the same amount of time placing the marble chip in the boiling tube each time. Results Volume of CO2 lost Temperature (i C) 4i C Time (min) Run 1 Run 2 Average. Time (min) Run 1 Run 2 Average  This shows that at low temperatures, there will be a slower rate of reaction. Graph B shows that1:30 min and 4:00 min there was a significant increase in the loss of CO2. The rate of the reaction was 9. 66 cm3/min. Graph C is similar to Graph B as the reaction starts of slowly but increases as time passes. The rate of the reaction at 27? C was 12. 33 cm3/min. Graph D is also very similar to the two previous graphs as it starts slowly but gains speed towards the end. The rate of the reaction was 14 cm3/min. Graph E starts off very quickly but starts to taper off towards the end. The rate of the reaction was 35. 5 cm3/min. The final results show that my prediction was correct. I predicted that as the temperature is increased the faster the reaction would take place. Cool acid particles have little energy, therefore do not collide with the marble chips very often, and for a chemical reaction to occur you need many successful collisions between the acid particles and the marble chip. The hotter the acid, the faster the collisions and the reaction speeds up. The rate of a chemical reaction is increased by increasing the temperature and alternatively decreased by decreasing the temperature. The increase in the rate of reaction with temperature can be explained by the collision theory. An increase in temperature increases the energy of the reacting particles. This makes more energy available for the breaking of bonds, which must take place in order for a chemical reaction to occur. Bond breaking is more frequent at higher temperatures. Increase in temperature Of reactants Evaluation The procedure we used was not as accurate as others that could have been used instead. Possible reasons for errors in this experiment were: Top Pan Balance Timer Measuring Cylinder Thermometer. Another possible error in this experiment was that some of the Carbon Dioxide dissolved into the water in the measuring cylinder. The solubility depends on the temperature at which the water was. Also the size of the bubbles and the rate of production of the bubbles both contributed to the experimental error. Experimental Error 1. Top Pan Balance: This was only accurate to three decimal places, as the mass of the marble chip had to be 0. 48g the experimental error would be: 0 The experimental error for the top pan balance is relatively low. 2. Thermometer: This was only accurate tFor the thermometer as the temperature increased the experimental error decreased therefore I was more likely to find an error in my results at the lower temperatures. For the measuring cylinder when the volume is small the error is large. The total experimental error for each temperature is: C- 4. 3003% error 37? C- 3. 9003% error As you can see, the lower the temperature the higher the experimental error. Improvements   Marble chips- I could not ensure the size and mass of each marble chip, therefore could employ a sieve type mechanism. Range- I would spread the temperatures out more even; however have less error owing to lower temperatures. Water- I would have water, which was saturated with sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). As this allows little CO2 to dissolve in it. Bibliography: GCSE Chemistry Revision Guide: Co-ordination Group Chemistry: Hunt and Sykes Understanding Chemistry (A-level):Ted Lister and Janet Renshaw Appendix   Includes Graphs A-E Sheryar Majid Chemistry Coursework 2000/2001 Dr Wright 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section. o

The Great Healthcare Debate: Liberalism versus Conservatism

The Great Healthcare Debate: Liberalism versus Conservatism Alex Fisher A large issue in todays society is healthcare. The clashing ideas about what should be done within the realm of healthcare is such a big deal now more than ever since we have a recently elected president. Much like other issues, there are clashing ideas from different political parties; this case will highlight those of liberals and conservatives. It is important to note that liberals and conservatives tend to clash on all aspects of healthcare such as: amount of government intervention, access or entitlement to healthcare, and federally mandated insurance. Furthermore, it must be stated that each partys stance on these aspects demonstrates a key idea or pillar of their party. The first main aspect of the healthcare debate between the two parties is the amount or level of government involvement. The conservative side argues for minimal government involvement so that healthcare, just like the overall economy, runs like a free market. This facet of the conservative healthcare argument can be traced back to the concept that the conservative perceives the need for prudent restraints upon power and upon human passions (Kirk, 4). Kirk further explains this point of view by stating that The conservative endeavors to so limit and balance political power that anarchy or tyranny may not arise (4). Additionally, this point of view can also be traced back to the conservative concept that there must survive orders and classes, differences in material condition, and many sorts of inequality attempts at levelling must lead, at best, to social stagnation (3). Essentially, Kirk is explaining that conservatives believe that unless there is a natural hierarchy with competiti on, a society will stagnate or lose the ability to progress. After piecing together these pillars of conservative view, it is not surprising that the current conservative argument is for healthcare to be run like any other business in our economy with free market ideals. With this being said, there is a liberal side to the argument of government involvement in healthcare. Their point of view is the complete opposite of the conservatives in that they believe that everyone in the healthcare field should be equal, therefore getting rid of the competition that fuels the free market. The liberal background that influences this point of view is a bit more complex than that of conservatives. One concept in liberalism is that there is a natural state in which mankind falls into. This state of nature involves a natural hierarchy of physical and mental strength; however, it must be stated that this hierarchy will lead to competition; For as to the strength of body, the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, wither by secret machination or by confederacy with others that are in the same danger with himself (Hobbes, 1). At first, this concept seems to parallel with the competition and free market ideals of conservatism. However, there is a caveat to this liberal view. Liberals recognize this state of nature, and then argue that mankind should forgo this state for the good of society. Hobbes explains that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war (2). This statement explains the idea that the duration in which mankind is living without a governing power, they are in constant war with each other due to the high levels of competition in the state of nature. Furthermore: In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and continual fear, and danger of violent death (Hobbes, 2) Essentially, this concept in liberalism is that mankind must forgo the vicious competition and violence found in the natural state in order for society, industry, and culture to even exist. These aspects cannot be established if man is more concerned with preserving his own life, and ending that of others to get ahead. For this reason, the liberals are arguing for more equality and less of a business or free market model in the healthcare field. The second main point of contention in the healthcare debate is the question of who should and should not be entitled to healthcare. It is important to note that both liberals and conservatives agree that everyone should get healthcare. The difference in views is found when it comes the financial aspect of healthcare entitlement. Conservatives believe that if you have money to pay for healthcare, you should be paying for it. They do not believe in government assistance for healthcare if you can pay for it yourself. Essentially, it goes back to the old adage that there is no such thing as a free lunch; except in this case its healthcare instead of lunch. This concept can be explained through the conservative concept that conservatives are guided by their principle of prudence (Kirk, 3). What this means that Any public measure ought to be judged by its probable long-run consequences, not merely by temporary advantage or popularity (3). Conservatives do not want to just start handing ou t healthcare for free or at discounted prices because it would have a hefty impact on the economy in the long-run. In the present time, the general population would love to have free or even cheap healthcare, but the United States economy is not in the position to be able to do that. This is what the conservatives are thinking about when refusing to give handouts. Conversely, the liberal view is that even if you could pay for healthcare, you should not go broke for it. This concept can be traced back to the liberalistic idea that the whole purpose of government is the preservation of property (Locke, 3). Furthermore, this connects to their idea of abandoning the state of nature because The great purpose for which men enter into society is to be safe and at peace in their use of their property (Locke, 3). Forcing people to pay for healthcare until they reach bankruptcy violates these ideas. By making people give up all their money for such a basic right like healthcare, the government is no longer preserving the property (or money) of the people in the society. To take this concept even further, there are things that liberals believe a governing body cannot do. Among this list is it doesnt and cant possibly have absolutely arbitrary power over the lives and fortunes of the people (Locke, 4). It should also be noted that Locke stated that legislature can never have a right to destroy, enslave, or deliberately impoverish the subjects (5). Making people pay for healthcare until they no longer can, instead of giving government assistance completely goes against these liberal ideals. It is for this reason that liberals prefer to provide assistance for healthcare even if the person has the ability to pay for it. The third focus of the healthcare debate is the concept of federally mandated insurance. This refers to whether decisions about laws involving healthcare and health insurance should be left to the federal government or if it should be an issue that is decided on a state by state basis. According to an article by Michael Bihari, MD: Mandated health insurance laws passed at either the federal or state level usually fall into one of three categories: Health care services or treatments that must be covered, such as substance abuse treatment. Healthcare providers other than physicians, such as acupuncturists. Dependents and other related individuals, such as adopted children Essentially, what Dr. Bihari is saying is that the most common mandated healthcare laws involve the coverage of necessary treatments, specialists, and dependents. After getting a good idea of what these mandated healthcare laws typically are, it should be aware that the most common debate on this aspect is who gets to decide if the law gets passed or not. Should each state get to choose if they want to pass and recognize the laws set forth or should the federal government pass healthcare laws for the entire nation? A subset of this question is should people face financial penalties if they fail to comply with these mandates? The conservative view on this matter is that these decisions should be made on the state level, not federal. Furthermore, the conservative party argues against any form of monetary penalties if people fail to adhere to these healthcare laws. For example, under the Affordable Care Act, there is fine for people that do not have health insurance. The conservative view is against this concept of health insurance mandate compliance. This side of the argument can be traced back to the conservative pillar that conservatives uphold voluntary community, quite as they oppose involuntary collectivism (Kirk, 4). Additionally, conservatives believe that: the decisions most directly affecting the lives of citizens are made locally and voluntarily. Some of these functions are carried out by local political bodies, others by private associations; so long as they are kept local, and are marked by the general agreement of those affected, they constitute healthy community. (Kirk, 4) In laymans terms, conservatives believe that decisions that greatly impact citizens, such as healthcare, should be decided by a governing body close to the population. This big of a decision cannot and should not be made by the federal governing body since each state has a different set of circumstances. There is no way that the federal government is completely aware of the needs of the people of each state. Furthermore, conservatives are against forced collectivism. Leaving healthcare mandates to the federal level means that these decisions are being made for the entire nation. It is forced collectivism by means of the nation instead of the individuality of each state. Moreover, giving that kind of collective power to the federal government gives way to a standardizing process hostile to freedom and human dignity (Kirk, 4). Each state should have the freedom and ability to decide what is best to uphold or bolster the standard of living created in each. Furthermore, each person shoul d be given the freedom to make their own choices about a personal matter such as healthcare. Penalizing people for not complying with healthcare mandates takes away this freedom of decision. On the contrary, liberals argue for healthcare mandates on the federal level. They also support the idea of monetary penalties for noncompliance. This aligns with the current themes seen in the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare. The Affordable Care Act is a federally mandated healthcare act that penalizes people that do not have insurance. This view can be explained by the classical liberal idea that: The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners, and the injuries of one another, and thereby to secure them in such sort as that by their own industry and by the fruits of the earth they may nourish themselves and live contentedly, is to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, thay may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one will. (Hobbes, 3) What Hobbes is saying is that in order to organize the chaos of the state of nature, the people must decide on a person or group of people to represent all their voices and decisions in one. Additionally, Hobbes further explains the scope of this assembly of men: every one to own and acknowledge himself to be author of whatsoever he that so beareth their person shall act in those things which concern the common peace and safety; and therein submit their wills and their judgements to his judgement. (3) This further explanation translates into the concept that liberals believe that government should have a large amount of power and intervention. This is the reason why the liberals are arguing for federally mandated healthcare laws. Another level of that increased government power and intervention is the aspect of financial penalty for noncompliance. These fines are ensuring that everyone is following their mandates. In conclusion, the debate on healthcare has been going on for several years and has shown no signs of stopping anytime soon. The liberal and conservative parties have clashing views on aspects of this debate such as the amount of government involvement, access or entitlement to healthcare, and if healthcare should be federally mandated. The views or arguments of these parties can be explained and traced back to key ideas or pillars of their party. Conservatives favor less government intervention, prudent reform, and local governing bodies whereas liberals favor more government intervention, equality or less competition, and that a government should not deliberately impoverish their community. https://www.verywell.com/mandated-health-insurance-benefits-1738931

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier Design  and  Implementation  of  FPGA  based  64  bit  MA Cunitusing  VEDIC  Multiplier  and  Reversible  Logic  gates ABSTRACT: Now a days in VLSI technology size, power, and speed are the main constraints to design any circuits. In normal multipliers delay will be more and the number of computations also will be more. Because of that speed of the circuits designed with the normal multipliers will be low and it will consume more power. This paper describes Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier and DKG reversible logic gates. The Vedic multiplier is designed by using Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra and the adder design is done by using reversible logic to perform high  speed operations. Reversible logic gates are also the  essential constraint for the promising field of Quantum computing. The Urdhava Triyagbhayam multiplier is used for the multiplication function to reduce partial products in the multiplication process and to get high concert and less area .The reversible logic is used to get less power. The MAC is designed using Verilog code, simulation,synthesis is done in both RTL compiler using Xilinx and implemented on Spartan 3e FPGA Board. KeyWords:MAC, Vedic multiplier, Reversible Gates I. INTRODUCTION Multiplication is the key in arithmetic operation and multiplier plays an important role in digital signal Processing. Unfortunately, the major source of power dissipation in digital signal processors is multipliers. In the past decade researchers developed multipliers with the help of CMOS logic which has all the disadvantages as discussed earlier. Therefore multipliers design for digital signal processing applications should be competent. So the proposed method is designed using pass logic principles, which shows improvements over CMOS designs. Pass logic principle based circuits are capable to accomplish superior performance in power, speed and area when implemented in VLSI[1]. Several case studies show that pass logic principle based design implements most functions with fewer transistors which reduces the overall capacitance than static CMOS; thus, resulting in low power and fast switching time. The Pass logic  standard based design is a capable, due to its better performance in power consumption, area and speed. thirty percent of the multiplier space is taken by the Booth encoder and selector logic [1-3]. So a improved design of Booth encoder and selector is essential. The main objective of this work is to design and implement new Booth encoders and selector logics which are hardware efficient and consequently power- aware.Various designs of these logic units are proposed in this work where the number of transistors needed are less when compared to previously designed units.The gate level implementations of these designs were tested for functionality using LoKon software gates (XNOR, XOR , NAND,NOR,AND,XOR-XNOR combination gate) and MUX used in these circuits were simulated and verified for functionality using TopSPICE. Due to the limitation in the numbers of transistor count in the TopSPICE, it was not capable to simulate the entire circuit in the transistor level. Further, these designs were used to build multiplier[2]. Multiplier is the need for higher word width for signal process applications. This design is scalable without any loss of merits. All the pass transistor circuits have been tested for fully restored voltage at the output[3]. Therefore, when these circuits are combined to form the whole multiplier voltage drop will not cause a problem. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Nareshnaik, SivaNagendra Reddy proposed Design of Vedic Multiplier for Digital Signal Processing Applications[1] .In this method design of adders is difficult and design may be complex and also its require more power. Anitha, Sarath Kumar proposed A 32 BIT MAC Unit Design Using Vedic Multiplier and Reversible Logic Gate design.In this paper they designed for 32 bit Multiplier.But most of the multipliers used in Digital signal processing applications 64 bit multipliers. So many researchers proposed many methods to design multipliers and adders.Among all the methods multiplier design with reversible logic gate design is the efficient method.In reversible gates also different reversible gate are available[4].Some researchers used Kogge stone Adders,some one used Toffiligates[5].DKG is the one of the gate used in the MAC design.This proposed method represents 64 bit MAC design using reversible logic gates. III. PROPOSEDMETHOD Multiply Accumulate (MAC) unit is designed by using Multipliers and adders both will be joined by an accumulate unit. The applications of MAC unit are Digital Signal Processors, microprocessors, and logic units and.MAC determines the speed and improves the performance of the entire system[6]. The proficient designs by MAC unit are Fast Fourier Transform(FFT/IFFT) ,Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Since, they are normally executed by inflexible application of multiplication and addition, the total system speed and performance depends on the speed of the addition and multiplication process speed in the system[7]. In most cases the delay in the architecture is due to the addition in parallel stages which we have to concentrate more to improve the speed. Finally we are going to compare our Vedic MAC unit with the Conventional MAC unit based on the parameters like Speed,area and power consumption[8]. A multiplying blockfunction can be conceded in threedifferent ways: conventional addition, partial product addition (PPA) and finally partial product Generation (PPG). The two bud vase materials that must be considered are raising the speed of MAC which is accumulator block partial and product reduction[9]. The 64 bit MAC design which will make use of Vedic multiplier and reversible logic gate can be accomplished in two stages. Firstly, multiplier stage, where a usual multiplier is replaced by Vedic multiplier using UrdhavaTriyagbhayam sutra from Vedic Mathematics.Multiplication is the primary operation of MAC unit. Speed, area, Power dissipation, consumptionand latency are the major concerns in the multiplier stage. So, to evade them, we will go for fast multipliers in different applications of DSP, networking, etc. There are mostly two major criterions that can possibly improve speed of the MAC units are sinking the partial products and because of that accumulator yoke is getting d ecreased. To perform the multiplication of N*N it requires approximately 2N-1 cross products of different widths and (log2N + 1) partial products. The partial products are obtained from Urdhava sutra is by Criss Cross Method. The maximum number of bits in partial products will lead to Critical path. The second part of MAC is Reversible logic gate. Loss of every bit of information in the computations that are not reversible is kT*log2 joules of heat energy are generated, where k is Boltzmanns constant and T the absolute temperature at which computation is performed. IV. DESIGN OF MAC ARCHITECTURE Fig 1: MAC Architecture The design of MAC architecture consists of 3 sub designs. Design of 64 X 64 bit Vedic Multiplier. Design of 128 bit DKG adder Design of Accumulator which integrates both multiplier and adder stages. Vedic Multiplier Vedic Mathematics is part of four Vedas  (books of wisdom). It is part of Sthapatya- Veda (book on civil engineering and architecture), which is an upa- veda (supplement) of Atharva Veda. Vedic Mathematics existed in ancient India and was revived by a popular mathematician, Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji. He divided Vedic mathematics into sixteen formulae(sutras). These formulae deal with Algebra, Analytical Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry etc. The ease in the Vedic mathematics sutras covers way for its application in several prominent domains of engineering like Signal Processing, VLSI and Control Engineering . 1) (Anurupye) Shunyamanyat 2) ChalanaKalanabyham 3) EkadhikinaPurvena 4) EkanyunenaPurvena 5) Gunakasamuchyah 6) Gunitasamuchyah 7) NikhilamNavatashcaramamDashatah 8) ParaavartyaYojayet 9) Puranapuranabyham 10) Sankalana- vyavakalanabhyam 11) ShesanyankenaCharamena 12) ShunyamSaamyasamuccaye 13) Sopaantyadvayamantyam 14) Urdhva-tiryakbhyam 15) Vyashtisamanstih 16) Yaavadunam Vedic Maths can be divided into sixteen different sutras to perform mathematical operations. Among these surtras the Urdhwa Tiryakbhyam Sutra is one of the most highly preferred algorithms for performing multiplication[11-14]. The algorithm is competent enough to be employed for the multiplication of integers as well as binary numbers. The term UrdhwaTiryakbhyam originated from 2 Sanskrit words Urdhwa and Tiryakbhyam which mean vertically and crosswise respectively.The mainadvantage of utilizing this algorithm in comparison with the existing multiplication techniques, is the fact that it utilizes only logical AND operations, half adders and full adders to complete the multiplication operation. Also, the partial products required for multiplication are generated in parallel and apriority to the actual addition thus saving a lot of processing time[15-17]. UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Algorithm Let us consider two eight bit numbers X(7:0) and Y(7:0) , where 7 signify Most Significant Bit and 0 represent Least Significant Bit. P0 to P15 signify each bit of the final computed product. It can be seen from equation (1) to (15), that P0 to P15 are calculated by adding partial products, which are calculated previously using the logical AND operation. The individual bits obtained from equations (1) to equation (15), in turn when concatenated produce the final product of multiplication which is represented in equation (16).The carry bits generated during the computation of the individual bits of the final product are represented from C(1) to C(30). The carry bits generated in (14) and (15) are ignored since they are redundant. Fig 2 : Pictorial Illustration of UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Sutra Graphically exemplifies the step by step procedure of multiplying two eight bit numbers using the Urdhwa Tiryakbyam Vedic Multiplication Sutra[20]. The black circles specify the bits of the multiplier and multiplicand, and the two-way arrows specify the bits to be multiplied in order to arrive at the individual bits of the final product. The hardware architecture of the 88 Urdhwa multiplier has been designed and shown in Fig 2. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Lowest quantum cost DKG Gate A 4 X 4 reversible DKG gate that preserve work singly as a reversible full adder and parallel adder is shown in below fig 5. If input A is zero, the DKG gate performed Full adder operation, and if input A is 1 then reversible logic gate performed Full subtractor operation. It has been confirmed that a reversible full- adder circuit requires at least two or three garbage outputs to make the distinctive[10][19]. output combinations Fig 3: 32 ÃÆ'-32 Vedic multiplier using 16 ÃÆ'- 16 Vedic multiplier Fig 4: 64ÃÆ'- 64 Vedic multiplier using 32x32Vedic multiplier V. DESIGN OF ADDERUSING Fig. 5a DKG gate Fig. 5b Parallel adder using DKG gate AccumulatorStage: Accumulator has an significant role in the DSP applications in different ranges. The register designed REVERSIBLE LOGICDKGGATE in the accumulator is used to add the multiplied Reversible logic is a distinct method diverse from other logic). Loss of information is not probable numbers. Multiplier, adder and an accumulator are forming the vital establishment for the MAC unit. The conventional MAC unit has a multiplic and and here. In this logic, the numbers of outputs are identical multiplier to do the basic multiplication and some to the number of inputs. General consideration for reversible logicgate parallel adders to add the partial products generated in  the previous step. To get the final multiplication output A Boolean function is reversible if and only if  we add the partial product to these results. Vedic all the values in the input set can be mapped with a single value in the output position. Landauer and Multiplier has put forward to intensify the action of the MAC Unit. Bennet both demonstrated that conventional irreversible circuits will  the usage of construct us to VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION power dissipation a circuit consisting of only reversible gates does not dissipate power. The following points necessity be reserved in mind to realize an optimized circuit: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Loops are not authorized à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Minimum delay à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Zero energy dissipation Fig 6: RTL Schematic of MAC Unit à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Fan-out is not authorized The modified 64 bit  multiplier using Vedic à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Garbage outputs must be small  multiplier and DKG adder is fast and design of MAC done using Xilinx. The above fig 7shows comparison between Verilog code using Xilinx. The below fig 6 shows the RTL Schematic of the proposed design. Logic Utilization 70000 No.of Slice FlipFlops 60000 No.of 4 input LUTs 50000 MAC design unit using different Adders. The number of LUTs and utilization of logic blocks in MAC design using CSA, RCA, KSA will be greater than DKG and speed is also more in MAC design using DKG. But it will take more area. Compare to array multipliers, baugh wooley multipliers and booths multipliers Vedic multipliers requires less area and performs operations at high speed. The below fig 8 shows the statistics results of MAC design Vedic Multiplier with different adders. In which DKG Adders has moderate delay. But it consumes very less power and it can be designed in small area. 40000 Number of occupied Slices Number of Slices containing only related logic 1000 900 800 30000 20000 10000 Number of Slices containing unrelated logic Total Number of 4 input LUTs Number used as logic Number used as Shift Registers 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 MAC Design using RCA MAC Design using CSA MAC Design using KSA MAC Design using DKG 0 Number of nonded 0 IOBs Number of BUFGMUXs Average Fanout of non-Clock Nets Fig7: Synthesis report of 64-bit MAC using Vedic Multiplier using RCA,DKG and KSA Reversible logic gates Fig8: Delay Analysis report of 64-bit MAC using Vedic Multiplier using RCA,DKG and KSA Reversible logic gates in table 2. By Combining the Vedic and reversible logic will direct to new and competent attainments in developing various fields of digital signal processing Applications. Fig 9: Simulation result of Adder The above fig 9 shows that simulation result of DKG adder. It is a 32 bit adder. In this design we used two 64 bit adders. This adder has two inputs a and b ,two outputs sum and carry. For adder a =19997091 and b= 0001fffdapplied.Which results sum is 0199b708e and carry is 0. Fig 10: Vedic Multiplier result of 64 bit MAC unit The above fig 10 shows the simulation result of 64 bit MAC design unit. For this design we applied two inputs. In which values are a=12345678 and b=78945612 and it will give result of 55bed11b057ec60. Fig 11: Vedic Multiplier result of 64 bit MAC unit on FPGA CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE The results of this proposed 64 bit Urdhava Triyagbhayam Vedic multiplier with DKG adder are quite good. Design of MAC unit structure and its performance has been scrutinize for all the blocks. Therefore, the 64-bit Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra Multiplier and reversible logic is the best in all aspects like speed power product ,delay, area and complication as compared to all other architectures which are shown

Comic Book Investing - High Risks and Low Gains :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

A few years ago, the popular media of the United States focused on the comic book world for one dramatic, 'tragic' event - the death of Superman.   After months of hype, the long-awaited death issue, Superman #375, was released, packaged in a black bag bearing a blood-red logo, complete with a black arm band.   The book's price immediately skyrocketed.   Thousands of people who normally paid no attention to the comic universe swarmed local shops, driving the book's 'value' to upwards of thirty dollars overnight.   Over the next few weeks, the book could be found with a price tag of as high as $100.   Today, Superman #375 is valued in Wizard: The Guide to Comics at a disappointing, anticlimactic ten bucks. What happened?   To start, the book was printed in enormous quantities.   After the first few weeks of sales, when new shipments of the issue arrived in comic stores, the book's price began to drop.   The long-term value of the book was also adversely affected in two ways.   First, Superman returned to the comic scene, alive and well, a mere four months later.   This may have been a surprise (or an outrage) to many of the non-collectors who purchased the book, but was not much of a shock to the average fifteen-year old Superman fan, well acquainted with the 'dead today, back tomorrow' mentality of the genre.   Finally, the black package or "polybag," while supposedly designed to preserve the book, was actually made of a cheap, slightly-acidic plastic that would eventually turn the issue's once-white pages to a plaque-like brown.   Thus, collectors were forces to decide between damaging their copy of Superman #375 by opening it or by keeping it in it's corrosive wrappin g.   Both paths ultimately led to a drop in the book's value. Sadly enough, this sort of hype with no follow-through occurs on a near-monthly basis in the world of comics.   Major publishing houses routinely emphasize the 'collectibility' of their output, hoping to snag the attention of young collectors eager to validate their hobby by earning a bit of cash on the side.   The simple truth is that the vast majority of the comics that are produced today are highly unlikely to become valuable, mostly because of one simple, undeniable fact. Today's comics are published in enormous quantities.   A typical issue of The Amazing Spider Man will have a print run between 300,000 and 500,000 copies.

Windsor Castle :: Place Descriptive Monuments Essays

Windsor Castle â€Å"Seen for the first time, Windsor Castle is an unforgettable sight; its imposing towers and battlements creating one of the world’s most spectacular sky-lines† Windsor Castle is one of England’s most dominant structures. The castle was built around 1070 by William the Conqueror. It stands about 21 miles west of London in a parameter town called Windsor. Edward III rebuilt the castle around 1344, but many kings have contributed their own share to the enormous structure. The castle is located above the Thames river. It surrounds a park called Little Park, which joins the Great Park south of Windsor. Home Park connects the castle on the north, east, and south side; while Great Park is south of Home Park. Within the castle walls there is a spectacular artificial lake called Virginia Water (http://www.interlog.com/~lontours/windsor.html). The most impressive structure of Windsor Castle is the Round Tower, or Keep, which stands 80 feet high. According to tradition, King Arthur sat with the Knights of the Round Table within this tower. Surrounded by a moat, it was also used as a prison until 1660. The castle was intended to guard the western approaches to the capital. Since those early days, the castle is inhabited, and one of The Queen’s official residences. The castle also includes the State Apartments, Saint George’s Hall, the Waterloo Chamber, the Throne Room, the Rubens Room, and the Van Dyck Room, which are used for Court ceremonial and State occasions. They also contain priceless valuable art objects. St. George’s Chapel, resting place of 10 sovereigns, is also within the precincts. The Chapel is given to the patron saint of the Order of the Garter, Britain’s highest Order of Chivalry. The Chapel is one of the finest examples of late medieval architecture in the United Kingdom (http://www.royal.gov.uk/palaces/winsrest.htm). In 1992 a tragic fire broke out in the castle.

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman Essays

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In Arthur Miller’s essay about â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† he argues that the common man is as appropriate a subject for tragedy as the very highly placed kings and noble men. Mankind keeps tragedy above all forms because they are given the same mental abilities as the nobles. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, Willy Loman is a common man and a middle class worker, enough saving to provide food for his family. So if the tragic hero can be a common man, does Willy fit in that category? Even though he is a common man he fails to live up to the standards of being a tragic hero because he never accepts nor admits to his own errors. He, therefore, loses his dignity. One of his biggest errors is his failure of be a good father. Willy Loman’s character is capable of making errors. He believes he is a very successful salesman and well liked. He also thinks that the company likes what he is doing. He once said, â€Å"I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England† (Miller pg. 32) Because of his false belief about his success Howard fired him. After he got fired charley offered him a job, but he refuses to accept, because he is too proud and jealous to work for Charley. His actions were wrong because at no time was a successful salesman. He is not a powerful character. Willy lives in his fantasies where he is the man. Who goes out to another place and comes out rich, he is love by everyone and admired by his family. In real life, he is lazy and does not live up to his own ideals. â€Å"As Aristotle explains, a tragic hero must be one of noble character and must fall from power and happiness.†(Www.ccd.rightchoice.org/lit115/poetics.html) but Willy neither has a noble characteristi c nor does he fall from power because he does not have a position of power. According to Miller, a tragic hero is someone who dies for personal dignity. Willy does die for his dignity. â€Å"Those who act against the scheme of things that degrades them.†(Miller. Tragedy of the Common Man) Willy, in his ideas and action of committing suicide, fits in that category. In act 2, Willy reveals his desires to win back Biff’s respect by committing suicide.

Being a Good Parent

there are a million ways to describe being a good parent. Some of the most important are unconditional love, being able to listen and understand, and being involved in things your child does. Showing your child that you love them is just as important at telling them. A simple hug or words of encouragement can mean the world to a child. Having your child know that even if they make a mistake you'll always love them.For an example after losing a basketball game in high school I went up to my mom and she hugged me without saying a word, when she did that I felt the love she had for me. Listening and understanding your child is another important characteristic of a good parent. When your child has a problem it could be helpful for them to know that you are available to talk to and offer advice. I'm currently debating on transferring college's, I like being able to talk to my mom about my plans and my future and getting her feedback.Going to a little league game, or baking cookies for the ir class bake sale are ways of being involved in things your child does. Helping your child with things like homework, or a big science project are other ways. There’s so many aspects of being a good parent it would be hard to describe in an essay. I just described the basics, unconditional love, the ability to listen, and being involved with your children.

Exploration of a Journal Article in Sociology Essay

In this paper I will be discussing the type of article being explored. What type of research is involved in this article? I will be doing a summary of this article to discover what the main findings are. Explain how this article fits into the field of sociology. Discuss which chapter applies to this article. Explain how a journal article differs for a newspaper article, and what is alike. Type of article This article is a review of existing research that was conducted. It discusses what type of research was conducted. The reason why the research was done, and what was the outcome of the research that was performed (Playing hooky 2011). Type of Research There was various types of research conducted for this article. A study was provided by Youth Advocates Programs, Inc. there was a behavioral experiment done on three types of behavior that involved positive, negative, and no reinforcement. A questionnaire survey was also conducted on a group of students, and there were observation studies done (Playing hooky 2011). Summary Student truancy is a serious problem that faces the adolescent youth. This problem is caused by a number of variables. How involved the parents are in a child’s life. Weather the child is involved in any after school activities. Is there a history of alcohol, or drug abuse? Some of these factors can be caused at school. Some of the problems could be bullying, having nobody to turn to with their problems (Playing hooky 2011). Major Findings Bullying In one of the case studies conducted along with other variables bullying was found to be a significant cause of student absenteeism. The study showed that students would avoid school, because they feared being victimized. These students felt like they did not have a safe place to go. They had no one to talk to about their situation. They felt like they did not have anything to look forward to as long as they were being bullied (Playing hooky 2011). Other Factors With all of the other factors combined such as family environment, living situation, community involvement, alcohol, and substance abuse. These factors did very little to contribute to students being absent from school (Playing hooky 2011). How where they supported The research that was presented was conducted by a variety of methods. There was research from a questionnaire study. Research was conducted that involved a behavioral experiment. Research was also presented by a youth Adolescent group (Playing hooky 2011). Fits into Field of Sociology This article fits into the field on sociology, because it deals with sociological theory. The sociology theory that it deals with is the Social-Conflict Approach. It talks about the problems facing youth like drugs, and alcohol (Playing hooky 2011). Identify Chapter of Textbook The chapter that this article covers is chapter twenty. This chapter deals with education, and how different areas of the country receive better education those other areas. This chapter talks about how truancy can lead to other problems down the road in life (Playing hooky 2011). Difference between Types of Articles Scholarly articles are reviewed by other peers with expertise in the field. Magazines and newspapers are written for the majority of the population. The thing that is similar is they all have current information (Playing hooky 2011). Conclusion In this paper we discussed the type of article. We discussed what type of research was involved. We gave a summary of the article, what were some findings, and how they were supported. We provided information on how it relates to our textbook, and sociology. Described how this article is different from magazines and newspapers. References Playing Hooky†: Examining Factors that Contribute to Adolescent Truancy. (2011). Sociological Viewpoints, 2715-23

People Naturally Walk in Circles Essay

The article  ¨People naturally walk in circles ¨ by Emily Sohn, represents an important research when trying to completely understand human behavior and specifically, to have an idea of how our brain manages decision making, order of actions, communication and reasoning. Humans, apparently start walking in circles when we cannot see an external focal point, the moon and the sun represent some examples. In fact, when I first read the article, I was hoping to find a concrete explanation for this problem. However, soon after I knew that so many factors came into play when trying to follow a straight path. When trying to associate these investigations with other aspects of our behavior, I found out that we always find ourselves in need of a sort of a guide in order to fallow a straight line, or in other words, to do what we think is right for our own benefit. Every time we are about to make a decision, we try to find a guide, sometimes this involves getting help from others. Usually, people who get help will most likely make a better decision rather the ones who worked alone without a guide. Personally, I really think this is a big concern, given that there are no answers for such theory. Although I expected to hear from a solution, I found the article very interesting in the end, this represents another big reason why our brain and our anatomy in general is so complicated, therefore studies like this one help us understand ourselves a little bit more, which leads to keep on investigating and learning from it.

Poverty and Education

OMAR BANDEH # 2122369 ENG 102 PROFESSOR LAWSON Topic Outline Thesis: Education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society. I. Empower an individual to be a model citizen A. Educate him about his Rights B. Develop his self esteem II. Poverty alleviation A. Wide range of job opportunities B. Living standards increased C. Reduction in crime rate III. Eradicate Disease A. How to avoid it B. How to treat it C.How to live with it THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN A SOCIETY Every nation especially third world countries should invest a substantial amount of their budget on education for it is the most invaluable asset that could transform an entire society. It was said by Aristotle that educated men are as much superior to the uneducated as the living are to the dead† if that is so then an uneducated society is as good as a dead society.After all education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society, it is the only weapon that can empower an individual in particular and a whole society in general, alleviate poverty and eradicate disease. The foremost aim of education is to empower an individual to be a model citizen and for that to happen he must know his rights and responsibilities. Without education, man is a splendid slave knowing not the difference between good and bad or his rights such as his freedom of speech, worship and movement, for only the educated are free.Free to make decisions, to face life, and to accept successes and failures. More over education is the only tool that can develop one's personality, his self esteem and confidence for it is a combination of these that gives a person the ability to stand up against tyranny and oppression of any form. In a complex modern democracy, citizens must be educated for them to be able to participate in a nation’s democratic and developmental process.For example if Nelson Mandela was not educated he would not have been able to challenge the aparth eid government thereby helping to bring it, to its end and in the process making the whole of South Africa free and colour blind. Secondly, the role of education in poverty eradication is crucial. There is overwhelming evidence that education is the one tool that children from poor families can use to break the cycle of poverty in which they are born in.A poor farmer’s son has the same opportunities to that of a president’s son if he is educated, for education provides the knowledge and skill with which an individual can use to get a job and earned a living on his own. It is only with an affordable education that a society’s poverty can be reduced and its living standards increased. And because poverty is a multidimensional social problem once it is taken care of, high crime and prostitution rates will dramatically reduced. Finally, disease, the one thing that can decimate an entire society especially an uneducated one.For education provides knowledge about dise ases, how to treat them and most importantly how to avoid them. For example diseases such as HIV/AIDS have blighted entire societies in places like Uganda and South Africa before people knew what it is and how it can be avoided. Now, after much sensitization the rates of HIV/AIDS infection have reduced dramatically and those already infected have been adequately educated on how to live with the disease in such a way that life expectancy of an Aids patient have increased compare to before.In addition, the availability of education in a society informs them the use of being hygienic and how to maintain high hygienic standards such as washing one’s hand after using the toilet and also before eating which has help to reduce the prevalence of diseases such as cholera and diarhoea. Therefore, to conclude, the impact of investing in education is profound for it is the only tool that can positively change a society by empowering it, lifting it out of poverty and most important of all enabling its people to live longer healthily.

Gender Bias and Employment Discrimination Law Case Study - 78

Gender Bias and Employment Discrimination Law - Case Study Example If it is gender bias that we are concerned with, then that would imply distinguishing reactions towards two identical humans- identical in lifestyle, intelligence, competence, goals and many other factors - which the one distinction between them, which one is a male and the other is a female. This is exactly not a situation, which exists in our actual, real world. Practically, this fact makes it easier for females to internalize unfair criticisms as valid. If your work is discarded for a clearly bad reason, such as, it is because I am a woman, then you have no other way, but to dismiss the one who rejected them as biased, and; thus, not worth taking seriously. Â  I consider using experiments to tell which positions are fit for men and which are fit for women is a positive route to follow. At least we know that a study has been conducted by experts so the findings are reliable and the recommendations they give can be applied and the outcomes will be effective. However, I also feel that people should be allowed to hold various positions, not because of whether their bodies meet the physical and mental requirements, but due to their requirements. For instance, the women presented in the case study, she was very much willing and committed to working as a firefighter and furthermore, she did her work very well till the government decided to introduce new requirements that needed hopefuls to pass various physical tests in order to hold various positions that are considered manly.

Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stalin - Essay Example The paper shows that Solzhenitsyn writes that on the hand with hatred to Ukrainians, Chechen people, Baltic nations, and some small ethnicities, which suffered exile to Siberia or Cold prairies of Kazakhstan Stalin, agreed that only Russians and Jews remained to be faithful to him. To my point of view, it’s not true and can be regarded as a subjective point of view of the author. Stalin hated Jews, during his power Jews were proclaimed to be â€Å"fifth column† and a number of Jews suffered especially in after war years, a number of Bolsheviks elite representatives and army generals were Jews and nearly all of them suffered in the years of great purges. Making a conclusion it's important to outline that portrait of Stalin given by Solzhenitsyn in the novel The first circle is very accurate and realistic. If the majority of western authors gave an only historical evaluation to Stalin and Edward Radzinsky sometimes gives illogical arguments for justification of Stalin’s cruelty, then Alexander Solzhenitsyn presents him as an aging tyrant who created an empire based on terror and blood and who understands that it will break immediately after his death. It was his main purpose to show his cruelty, paranoia power and helplessness at the same moment. He was considered to be country’s leader, which stood only on the power of terror. It wasn’t accepted by his former ally from Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito, and he was mad. The only pleasure Stalin got on his birthday was the murder of Tito’s friend and another Yugoslavian communist Traicho Kostov.

An appraisal of a piece of research-based evidence relevant to Essay

An appraisal of a piece of research-based evidence relevant to healthcare practice - Essay Example The following appraisal evaluates a clinical research study and its potential applications to nursing practice. The main aims of this research study were to evaluate student nurses’ perceptions of hand hygiene practice compliance in order to explore ways of effectively incorporating best practice standards of hand hygiene compliance into nursing school curricula and training programmes. The impetus for this study was the documentation of increased incidence of health-care associated infections (HCAIs) and data that suggest that there are generally poor compliance rates for hand hygiene among healthcare workers (Creedon 2005). The rationale for the increased attention to hygiene compliance is that greater attention to hand hygiene practices among nurses, doctors and other healthcare workers may produce a decrease in the overall incidence of HCAIs among patients (Boyce & Pittet 2002). This is a very serious problem as noscomial infections are associated with higher mortality rates in critically ill patients, increased hospital stays and excessive antibiotic usage, all of which represent unwanted complications in patient care. There are a number of excellent search engines that would be relevant to this type of search. These include the Cochrane Library Online, which is a website containing journal articles and research findings designed to meet the needs of nursing professionals. Another excellent website is the Centers for Disease Control website (CDC), a USA based database that contains the results of the latest research on infectious disease, and evidence-based practice research findings. Pubmed/medline is an online database that can be used in a search by topic mode to obtain the latest journal research articles on this subject. The rationale for this research study involving nursing students’ perceptions of hand hygiene compliance was the

More on Thinking Well Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

More on Thinking Well - Essay Example Even such informal writing as blogging has a certain structure with its own requirements of links between sentences and paragraphs, that are much different from the requirements of formal writing, but it is this difference that distinguishes blogging from the formal writing. Without a proper structure or proper linkage between the sentences and paragraphs, a piece of writing is just a mess of words, conveying ideas in a haphazard manner, thus making it taxing for the readers to continue reading and leaving them confused and undone. Besides, writing any kind of paper is baseless if it does not serve the purpose. Every kind of writing whether it is a letter, legal writing, or a journal paper has a set of principles that must be adhered to so that the writing qualifies in that category. Writers make utmost effort to conform to those principles so that it is accepted for publishing in the intended

Effective Communication in Advising Workgroups on Contract Essay

Effective Communication in Advising Workgroups on Contract Negotiations - Essay Example LITERATURE REVIEW †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..10 OBSERVATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 INTERVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..11 SURVEY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..â⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................13 APPENDICES Verification of NIH Tutorial Completion IRB Form B Abstract This portfolio supports the most effective process of communicating when advising workgroups of contract negotiations to maintain a positive workplace environment through an observational study and a literature review. This association helps workers to negotiate their grievances in a way that will maintain their good performance in the work environment. The observational study reflects a system through which the Association of flight attendants communicates to their members on maintaining professional conduct and safe services to the airlines clients while negotiating their contracts. The literature review examines various unions and workgroups communication to particular member problem with a methodological discussion to help employee to maintain a positive workplace environment despite their grievan ces. Effective Communication in Advising Workgroups on Contract Negotiations Conflict Story Contract negotiations by the Association of flight attendants, its flight attendants members and the airlines itself has experienced an ongoing conflict for a long period of time. Workers union has the mandate of communicating effectively to the employees of a particular workgroup the means of negotiating contract agreements in a way that positive workplace environment is maintained. This is unlike the case where most unions threaten employers with strikes and go slow activities to force solutions to employee grievances. It is important for the workers to use an effective means of communication that will prevent development of unhealthy behavior among the workforce. I have observed that undesirable communications to employees have a significantly negative impact on the work environment since it may encourage negative attitudes towards work and the management. The most effective process that u nion representatives can use to communicate to its member’s the issues regarding to their grievances when advising them is face to face. The process of face to face communication is the most effective way that will achieve negotiation result while a positive workplace environment is maintained. Face to face communications involves a situation where a joint meeting that involves all parties holding a discussion of issues that relates to each party. The discussions help workers to maintain a positive work environment as they negotiate their grievances with employers. The employee grievances range from issues of job security for both continuing and new employees to compensation and work benefits package incase of termination of employment. The union acts as a mediator between the employer and the employees with regards to contract negotiation issue. Literature Review The Association of Flight Attendants has undertaken to come up with a means of communicating effectively to their members to ensure that a professional workforce is maintained

Germany During the Cold War (West Germany) Research Paper

Germany During the Cold War (West Germany) - Research Paper Example West Germany was inclined to the western allies such as America, France, and Britain. The west side of Germany was known as Federal Republic of Germany with Bonn as the capital city. West Germany managed to maintain a stable democracy and a tremendous economic expansion. The division of Germany continued for a long time with several policy changes to facilitate the dominance. However, Germany was again unified in 1989 (Arnold 377). This paper seeks to focus on West Germany during the Cold War. Western Democracy Although the Second World War ended in 1945 followed by the defeat of Germany, the allied forces controlled Germany from 1945 to 1949. This was meant to reduce the effects and influence of the Nazi party. During this time, the allied forces realized the importance of Germany becoming a democracy. Democratic institutions were established at all levels such as parish and municipal levels and then in counties and districts. Consequently, the whole of West Germany state had democr atic institutions in place. The allied forces wanted the German people to play a part in the formation of their government (Hiscocks 496-503). Britain established nominated councils in parishes that had to take a decision without authorization by political parties. The political party ban was lifted at the end of 1945 in the three zones. From this period, there was a rapid development of democratic institutions. Administratively, the German part increased, and the number of military officers significantly reduced. Furthermore, in the last period of 1946, the process of administrative unification had increased and Britain and United States decided on economic integration of their two zones (Hiscocks 497). According to Hiscocks, the other important step in democratization of West Germany was indirect means employed by America, Britain, and France (497). This was fundamental and incorporated Cultural, Education, and Information Division of the Allied Control Commission. In England, for example, prisoners of war were given lecture on democratic institutions and international civics. Moreover, the theories of Nazis were exposed during these lectures. Additionally, America relied on the press and print media whereby a number of journalists were taken to American universities for training on democracy. There were also other important materials on German newspapers. France facilitated democratization by ensuring Germany was acquainted with French culture. The democratization of Germany helped it to overcome challenges that were experienced before during preparation of the Reich Constitution of 1919 and the failure of the Weimar Republic. However, the bureaucracy employed in German civil service continued to be a threat for democratic ideals in the region. The other obstacle was the extreme authority vested in political parties. Federal Parliamentary Republic From 1949, Western Germany was controlled under the basic law that was authored by a German constituent assembl y. This was known as the Parliamentary Council and was authorized by occupying authority and was intended to allow participation of free will of the German people. These laws led to the establishment of a Federal Republic with a bicameral legislature and a parliamentary form of government. The majority of single member constituencies elected 60% of the lower house. The remaining 40% were chosen based on proportional representation from reserves drawn from party lists