A Comparison of Two Types of Treatment for Alcoholism Essay -- Biology

A Comparison of Two Types of Treatment for inebriation One of the largest debates in the study of tipsiness is the etiology of the disorder. The prevailing theory now seems to be that alcoholism is a disease, a biologic affliction that can only be ameliorated by abstinence or medication. However, there atomic number 18 those who gestate alcoholism has its roots in environmental influences and that the disorder is a maladaptive pattern of behavior. The two main methods currently employed for treating alcoholism reflect the foundations of the two main theories. Perhaps the most widely known method is the Twelve Step program created by the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (1). Underlying this process is the belief that alcoholism is a biological disease that can never be cured, nor can it even be hindered without the use of external forces(2).. Members of AA are required to admit that they are powerless to fight alcoholism and need to relinquish control to a power greater th an ourselves. (3).This power can take any form for the adherents to the program, as yet there is repeated mention of God and other aspects of Christian spirituality(4). More relevant to the topic at hand is the belief that alcoholism is a biological disease, which can be inferred from the acknowledgement that help with alcoholism can only come from God. This implies that alcoholism is out of ones own hands and thus should not be considered a character flaw or an aspect of personality it also implies that alcoholism is something more intrinsic to the individual. In fact, the Big Book, the handbook of AA, states that alcoholism is a medical disease. (5).. Indeed, there is a substantial amount of evidence to support this assertion this is based on tre... ...h in U.S./Canadahttp//www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/em24dc14.html2)The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymoushttp//www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/em24doc6.html3)A newbie Asks http//www.alcoholics-anonymous.org/ep24doc1.html4)The 12 St ep Cafhttp//www.12steps.org/Brochure/12step/STEPS/STEP1.htm5)The Doctors Opinion http//www.recovery.org/aa/bigbook/ww/doctors_opinion.html6)Neuroscience Research and Medications Developmenthttp//www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm7)Alcoholismhttp//www.noah.cuny.edu/wellconn/alcoholism.html8)Animal Models in Alcohol Research http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm9)Children of Alcoholics Are They Different?http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/please-note.htm10)The Genetics of Alcoholismhttp//www.niaaa.nih.gov/11)Treatment of Alcoholism http//www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-al10.html

The Adventures Of Huckleberry :: essays research papers

When you start open the book of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn youll notice a notice and an explanatory written by the one and only crisscross Twain himself. The explanatory explains how Mark Twain uses language and dialect to differentiate between certain characters. "I make this explanation for the reason that without it many readers would reflect that all these characters were trying to talk alike and not succeeding." The notice basically says that for anyone who attempts to find a meaning, moral, plot, and or motive, will be shot. So shoot Mr. Brovsky, his first hour class, and myself.     Its surprising to see that this book went by so quickly for me. The more I enjoy a book, the faster it goes by for me. Now buns to finding a plot. What I liked especially about this book was its linear time line. There wasnt that much jumping around in time. Everything came by and by everything else. The book is divided into three basic sections Life before the river, life on the river, and life after the river. The river has its crooks and bends and the plot following them. The river as a symbol in the book is great. Lifes ups and lifes down are well represented in the river.     The point of view of this book was also one of the very trounce aspects of this book. Huck Finn was written in the first person point of view with Huckleberry Finn telling the story. Even in the beginning, Huckleberry reminds the reader of what happens at the end of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. "You dont go to sleep about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer but that aint no matter." (page 3) Huckleberry exclaims himself. Mark Twain writes with such piquantness and detail that you feel like youre right there with Huck. While Huckleberry is in the cabin at night and his dad is having a nightmare, Mark Twain paints a wonderful picture of how Huck if feeling. "He chased me round and roun d the place with a clasp-knife, calling me the Angel of Death, and saying he would kill me,& angstrom unit8230I begged, and told him I was only Huck but he laughed such a screechy laugh, and roared and cussed, and kept on chasing me up." (page 29)     Mark Twain has been labeled by critics as a funny man and not a great writer, yet I believe that he is a great writer because he can incorporate his humor into a 13 year old boys way of life.

Cancer Essay -- essays research papers

crabby person is new growth of tissue resulting from rapid return of abnormal cells Cancer is not a single disease but includes a number of diseases classified according to the tissue and type of cell in which new growth occurs, here are three major subtypes are Sarcomas, Carcinomas, Leukemias and Lymphomas.More than 1,350,000 new cases of cancer occur in the United States each year. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the nation, and the leading cause of death from disease in children between the ages of 1 and 14. The figures for the United States are 217/100,000 manpower and 137/100,000 women. The most death causing cancers are lung cancer- 1st in each sex, colorectal cancer- 2nd in both sexes, and breast and uterine cancers in women, and prostate gland cancer in men. Since 1949 death from cancer in the United States has been higher among men than women. The sex ratios of different cancers vary considerably. Death from cancer is higher among blacks than among whites. A cancerous growth, is clonal- all its cells are descendants of a single cell. Fatal cells are unable to mature into an adult. These cells may form a mass called a tumor, which enlarges and continues to grow. Not all tumors are fatal the greatest number are benign, or non-life-threatening. Cancer cells may retain the physical and biological characteristics of the tissue in which they originated. Pathologists can often determine the site of origin of a metastatic tumor by microscopic examination of the cancerous...

The Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858: Causes and Consequences :: British History

The Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858 Causes and ConsequencesUnder the administration of the Marquess of Dalhousie (Governor-General 1848-56), the last of the commutative Indian states, including the wealthy Muslim state of Oudh, were annexed by the British. To consolidate this new territory, some degree of Westernisation was introduced an Indian railway and road system was developed and the setoff three Indian universities were founded, creating a tier of higher-caste men educated according to the British system but not fully incorporated into those careers of civil receipts and army awaiting them. Child marriage and the practice of suttee previously had been abolished and, in 1856, a regulation was passed requiring sepoys to serve overseas thereby losing caste. Both the annexation and consolidation heightened strain between government and population and tumult was inevitable when the Indian section of the army was allocated cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, unclean t o some(prenominal) Hindu and Muslim elements.The riot lasted thirteen months from the rising of Meerut on 10 May 1857 to the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.The sepoys were quickly joined by large numbers of civilians supporting the reinstatement of twain a Moghul and a Maratha emperor and by landlords, particularly those of Oudh, penalised by the new administration and its indemnity of exporting raw materials for manufacture in Britain. Historians equip that the mutiny was characterised by violent reprisals on either side but, at least in British historical tradition, the most significant events are the massacres at Meerut, Cawnpore and Lucknow post-mutiny literature dwelling on the fate of women and children especially.The mutiny, regarded by many as Indias head start War of Independence, was to have important consequences and the structure of British India was to be re-organised extensively. Increasingly, India came chthonian direct Crown rule as the British East India Co mpany was dispossessed of its functions and, in 1877, Queen Victoria was crowned Empress. Despite the severity of European reprisal as each territory had been regained and its subsequent defensive proposals of military alteration, a measure of conciliation had been introduced to administrative policy. Integration of the higher castes and princes was now considered important, land policy was revised and plans for radical social change were shelved.The Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858 Causes and Consequences British HistoryThe Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858 Causes and ConsequencesUnder the administration of the Marquess of Dalhousie (Governor-General 1848-56), the last of the unconditional Indian states, including the wealthy Muslim state of Oudh, were annexed by the British. To consolidate this new territory, some degree of Westernisation was introduced an Indian railway and road system was developed and the first three Indian universities were founded, creating a tier of higher-caste me n educated according to the British system but not fully incorporated into those careers of civil attend to and army awaiting them. Child marriage and the practice of suttee previously had been abolished and, in 1856, a regulation was passed requiring sepoys to serve overseas thereby losing caste. Both the annexation and consolidation heightened tension between government and population and mutiny was inevitable when the Indian section of the army was allocated cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, unclean to both Hindu and Muslim elements.The mutiny lasted thirteen months from the rising of Meerut on 10 May 1857 to the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.The sepoys were quickly joined by large numbers of civilians supporting the reinstatement of both a Moghul and a Maratha emperor and by landlords, particularly those of Oudh, penalised by the new administration and its policy of exporting raw materials for manufacture in Britain. Historians affiliate that the mutiny was c haracterised by violent reprisals on either side but, at least in British historical tradition, the most significant events are the massacres at Meerut, Cawnpore and Lucknow post-mutiny literature dwelling on the fate of women and children especially.The mutiny, regarded by many as Indias first War of Independence, was to have important consequences and the structure of British India was to be re-organised extensively. Increasingly, India came under direct Crown rule as the British East India Company was dispossessed of its functions and, in 1877, Queen Victoria was crowned Empress. Despite the severity of European reprisal as each territory had been regained and its subsequent defensive proposals of military alteration, a measure of conciliation had been introduced to administrative policy. Integration of the higher castes and princes was now considered important, land policy was revised and plans for radical social change were shelved.

Gang membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context Ess

Smiley is a man who was released back into the society on a parole. He was sent back to live in his neighborhood. Shinichi Suzuki, a famous Japanese violinist who invented Suzuki Method, got the right idea of Smileys situation when he said part is a child of his environment. It means that Smiley is a product of his environment. His neighborhood is a no picnic.The neighborhood is a basic onlyy a graveyard of American dreams. Like everyone else in America, Smiley values individualism, achievement, money, and family unity highly. However he is in a hostile society where his rough background is rejected and regarded as a stigma. He does not have education or an escape from his neighborhood where people are under a great strain. The reason for the strain is because American culture sets the bar for gold standards of an ideal lifestyle that in the reality that social structures in some groups cannot follow (Shelden, Brown, miller, & Fitzler, 2008). According to strain theory, Smileys nei ghbors all want same things but they cannot get them legally so they decide to find illegal loopholes. They go in this state that Robert Merton would call anomie (Shelden, Brown, Miller & Fritzler, 2008). According to him, the state is when social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconformist rather than conforming conduct ( p.78). A gang in Smileys neighborhood pressures Smiley into practicing norms that are considered unacceptable legally . Smileys gang approves stealing, violence, abuse of drugs, and organized crimes. Smiley had to adapt by conforming to the gangs values, follow ritualism like wearing certain colors and speaking gang jargon, and view the world as us ( gang) against them.... ..., T. (2009). plurality membership, drug selling, and violence in neighborhood context. Justice Quarterly, 26(4), 645-669.Opsal, T. (2009). Women on parole Understanding the impact of surveillance. Women & Criminal Justice, 19(4), 306-3 28.Shelden, R.G., Brown, W.B., Miller, K.S., & Fritzler, R.B. (2008). Crime and criminal justice in American society. Long Grove, Illinosis Waveland Press, INC.Stickels, J. (2007). The game of probation. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 22(1), 33-43.Wilkinson, D.L. (2007). Local Social Ties and Willingness to Intervene Textured Views Among Violent Urban Youth of Neighborhood Social nurse Dynamics and Situations. Justice Quarterly JQ, 24(2), 185-220. (Document ID 1295281001). http//ezproxy.rit.edu/login?url=http//proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.rit.edu/pqdweb?did=1295281001&Fmt=7&clientId=3589&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Gang membership, Drug Selling, and Violence in Neighborhood Context Ess

Smiley is a man who was released back into the society on a parole. He was sent back to live in his neighborhood. Shinichi Suzuki, a famous Japanese violinist who invented Suzuki Method, got the right idea of Smileys situation when he said Man is a child of his environment. It means that Smiley is a product of his environment. His neighborhood is a no picnic.The neighborhood is a basically a graveyard of American dreams. Like everyone else in America, Smiley values individualism, achievement, money, and family unity highly. stock-still he is in a hostile society where his rough background is rejected and regarded as a stigma. He does not have education or an escape from his neighborhood where people are under a great strain. The reason for the strain is because American culture sets the bar for gold standards of an ideal lifestyle that in the reality that social structures in some groups cannot follow (Shelden, Brown, Miller, & Fitzler, 2008). According to strain theory, Smileys ne ighbors all want same things but they cannot get them legitimately so they decide to find illegal loopholes. They go in this state that Robert Merton would call anomie (Shelden, Brown, Miller & Fritzler, 2008). According to him, the state is when social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming rather than conforming conduct ( p.78). A gang in Smileys neighborhood pressures Smiley into practicing norms that are considered unacceptable legally . Smileys gang approves stealing, violence, abuse of drugs, and organized crimes. Smiley had to adapt by conforming to the gangs values, follow ritualism wish well wearing certain colors and speaking gang jargon, and view the world as us ( gang) against them.... ..., T. (2009). Gang membership, drug selling, and violence in neighborhood context. arbiter Quarterly, 26(4), 645-669.Opsal, T. (2009). Women on parole Understanding the impact of surveillance. Women & barbarous Justice, 19 (4), 306-328.Shelden, R.G., Brown, W.B., Miller, K.S., & Fritzler, R.B. (2008). Crime and criminal justice in american society. Long Grove, Illinosis Waveland Press, INC.Stickels, J. (2007). The game of probation. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 22(1), 33-43.Wilkinson, D.L. (2007). Local Social Ties and Willingness to Intervene Textured Views Among Violent Urban Youth of Neighborhood Social Control Dynamics and Situations. Justice Quarterly JQ, 24(2), 185-220. (Document ID 1295281001). http//ezproxy.rit.edu/login?url=http//proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.rit.edu/pqdweb?did=1295281001&Fmt=7&clientId=3589&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Foundation Certificate in Human Resource Practice Essay

1. Collecting and recording HR entropy is vit all(prenominal)y important to an organisation. The collecting of the data could be to monitor that laws and regulations are being adhered to for utilisation the Health and Safety at work act 1974, ensuring that all staff are maintaining high health and rubber awareness and complying to the law. The data would need to be collected to enable the organisation to prove that it is adhering to current law and legislation. Another example could also be to monitor employee absence levels across the organisation and expression for any pattern or trend relating to individual absences. This data could be used in Absence review meetings and having all the correct and accurate data could be vital in a dispute with an employee. It could highlight issues with employee welfare and enable the company to offer support in order to support the employee sand to work.2. Storing RecordsThere are many methods of storing records, an example is Electronic whi ch includes hard disks drive PC, CD recorder, DVD, databases and spreadsheets, internet or intranet, USB devices, emails and virtual learning environments.Electronic storage lot have pros and cons. Advantages can be the speed and accuracy that it provides, spellcheckers etc can all help the documents to be stored accurately. Vast amounts of data can be stored on a computer software system and therefore not take up and physical office space. The electronic way of storing data can also be protected by a password meaning that it is secure and accurate at the same time and protected from anyone outside the HR function, and it means that a variety of colleagues can have access to update and amend the records at the same time, even updating at the same time as colleagues.manual of arms Storage.Manual storage can be personnel files, absence forms, reports, filing cabinets etcThere are lots of benefits to manual storage including having documents which need a physical signature and prov ide proof of identity like bank details etc. Also should a computer system crash or pass over the documents the paper copy is always accessible. Manual storage is easy to move around and is easy to keep protected and confidential via a lock/ see etc although staff with access must turn back it is securely locked away.3. UK LegislationThe Data security measures Act 1998 is about respecting individual rights when processing/collecting and storing their personal knowledge. This is possible for the company by being honest with employees about the use of their culture and by following good data handling procedures. The act is compulsory and all organisations that hold or process personal data must adhere to this. Personal data should be processed fairly and lawfully, the data should be adequate, germane(predicate) and not excessive, it should be accurate and where necessary unplowed up to date, any data should not be kept for longer than necessary, data should be kept secure. All staff has responsibilities under the Act to ensure that their activities comply with the Data Protection PrinciplesEmployees do have a right legally to access information that an organisation may hold on them. This could include information regarding any grievances or disciplinary action, or information obtained through performance monitoring processes. Processes should be in place to deal with a data request from an employee as a 40 day time limit is compulsory.The health and safety at work at 1974 is legislation relating to protecting employees from injury or illness as a direct result of their job. All data relating to health and safety must be recorded and stored securely, including accident books. This data may be called upon many years after an employee has left the organisation so staff should ensure documents and information are kept in a secure adequate accessible place.The Freedom of Information Act which came into force in 2000 gives you the right to pray any public sect or organisation for all the recorded information they have on any subject. Anyone can make a request for information there are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live. If you ask for information about yourself, then your request will be handled under the Data Protection Act 1998.Recording, Analysing and using Human Resources information is highly important and ensuring it is accurate and efficient will support the organisation strategy in many ways. The synopsis can change the way the organisation moves forward and affect future plans/decisions.

Hinduism Essay

It is quite evident that the Hinduism community is not a united belief religion. This is because the religious community is comprised of many religious approaches all marked with different views of animist, antiquity, and devotion to divine worship as well as marriage practices. However, Hinduism has many earthyalities making it the Hindu. Such complicate and not limited to having putting surface faith in yogic practices (Knott, 1998). According to available information, yoga is defined as a combination of both physical and psychological practices aimed at meditation or simply soul distinct.This involves numerous practices such as restraining of life forces, abstraction from external forces that affect our sense organ, living a non violent life, engaging in maximized concentration on a given objective, and devoted meditation on a given subject (Knott, 1998). Another common practice that makes the Hinduism community is the notion of Karma. Based on available literature, Karma si mply means the cycle of cause and effects of things in our deeds. By this, Hinduisms engage to turn back that they act with consideration of morality in their day to day activities.In addition, they do belief that human beings are free to choice good or unholy but should be ready to suffer the associated consequences. The third binding belief in the Hinduism community is the Hindus marriage concept. According to the Hindu school, marriage is a sacrament rather than a contract between couples. For all Hindus, marriage entails a life commitment between a man and a cleaning woman whose aim is to search Gods will, meet their physical desires, and expand their personal possessions.Hinduism is predominant in the south Asian countries particularly in India. The spring why the religion is cultural and societal influence in its region of influence in India is that its origin is in the Indus River. Hinduism has evidently influenced the lives of members in its origin. This cornerstone be quite evident marriage, wealth, and yoga practices in the region. True from the letter, Indians are quite industrious in the exploit of acquiring wealth. Due to this reason, citizens of this nation have emerged as among the crush investors in the world.As an emphasis to this assertion is the claim by available reports that Indians dominate the IT industries. This cultural value is no doubt a consequence of the common belief by Hinduism that marriage entails searching for creation of wealth. On yoga practices, the Indian community has been quite pivotal in the process of influencing sole searching practices cross courses the globe. Just to be appreciated is the fact that meditation does not only influence our living behavior but above all serves the ultimate innovation of shaping our lives (Narayanan, 2010).This is because it encompasses physical and mental practices in the process of seeking comfort of life. In the societal level, Hinduism has been encouraged social responsibil ity among members of the Indian community. Owing to their pissed believe in this religion, divorce and domestic violence is quite low in India compared to other communities in the world (Narayanan, 2010). In addition, Indians like helping relatives to fire their sustainable social and economic well-being.This can be best explained by the fact that the religion states that people are free to choice good or evil but should be ready to suffer the associated consequences. It is worth noting that doing good will is one practice that one is assured of not consequential repercussions. The process of realizing liberation from earthly existence by the Hindus is based on the concept of samsara. This religious community belief in heaven and hell with heaven being a place where great and noble people go after performing good things on earth.According to the dictates of samsara, commitment to good or evil while on earth determines where we go after life. The concept has it that a human being i s continuously born and reborn on earth. Such can be in form of human being, god or any other being. For Hinduism, living a life of ego-consciousness and desire is instrumental in find out your life after death. Through the process of searching for having a conscious living, one attains liberation. To achieve this, this religion believes in both yoga and karma.In yoga (commonly called soul searching process), an individual has the opportunity to realize their true self through a process of meditation. On the other hand, karma entails doing good deeds as the only way one can attain liberation from earthly life (Narayanan, 2010). According to the religion, engaging in karma yoga gives the individual a guarantee to selfless actions, an element that brings accord of the need of unity to all. Therefore, the desire for liberation from earthly existence by Hindus is encompassed in the yoga and karma provisions.

Religion Assignment

Religious Background My family is fairly religious and my views have certainly been influenced by their beliefs. I was brought up in a Christian household and the mass of my relatives are Christian as well. All throughout my flavour this has been the only religion that anyone in my family has followed. Most families have some sort of differing beliefs however exploit lacks this and there is very little that differs in any of the familys belief systems. Though my parents wanted me to view church regularly I was never laboured into anything whether it be attendance or belief and I truly appreciate that.Religion is not the center of my life but it still has a reinforced presence and influence on my life. Though my family does acknowledge most traditions we have never strictly adhered to them. Of course we celebrate the main events such as easter and Christmas and fall inake in the events that go with them. My parents would make sure that we knew the reason that we were celebrati ng these holidays and though presents still seemed to reign supreme there was always the thought of something bigger. We would always attend the evening church services and the large (and usually dull) family gatherings on these special occasions.Going to church every weekend was not something that was a necessity for us however I believe most would still recognize us as regular attendees. It was always my belief that outlet to church was not an inborn map of my religion and we would occasionally choose football or even sleep over the usual Sunday morning service. Earlier in my life we attended an Evangelical Christian church and my family agreed with the belief system for the most pause though my parents seemed to have issues with some of the smaller aspects of the Evangelical church. It was at this church that I first began to form my set of beliefs and my opinion of religion.I have always been prone to asking questions and even at a adolescent age I somewhat philosophical (n ow I realize that even though I have learned a lot over the long time I am still asking some of the same questions that I was asking at the age of eight). My m other(a) was raised in a Christian household but her family was more traditional than ours is. Both of her parents are Christians and that belief filtered down to their children. Overall they seem to be a point stricter in their beliefs and passing play to church was emphasized much more than it is in my family now.It seems that with every generation gets slightly more liberal with their beliefs and morals. With my mother church was a large part of her youth and I was hardly involved. It seems to me as if there are three types of churchgoers, the ones who attend regularly (every Sunday), those who only go on Christmas and Easter, and those who live church. She was one of the throng who lived church. My father grew up without a belief system but when his sister began searching for answers she became a Christian and that got him thinking and he joined a parole study because of it.After a while it began to make sense to him and he accepted the religion as well. After both of his children had this new found assurance my grandfather immovable to investigate as he calls it. He was incredibly skeptical at first as religion had never been a part of his life, but he decided that the best way to find out would be to read the Bible. After much deliberation and consideration he decided that there was some truth to it and he became a Christian as well, with his faith based entirely off of the Bible. My grandmother followed suit and thus my aunts intensify in belief lead the entire family to reconsider their belief.In a way I dislike calling myself a Christian because of some of the connotations and infinite different belief sets that the word Christian brings to theme (such as the pile who stand at the street corner telling people that they are going to hell if they dont repent their sins), and I feel as i f labels can sometimes be problematic and inaccurate. The Bible is a large part of my belief system as it is one of the few things that make sense to me (if the Bible is the basis of the religion then I feel like it should be the basis of my faith).It seems as if so many different churches try to impose their own set of beliefs and morals on their attendees and it has always made sense (at to the lowest degree for me) to deduct things for myself through reading the Bible. Many of the main points of the Bible seem to get lost in translation and I have always disagreed with Churches that constrict themselves to a specific ideology and I prefer being a part of a non-denominational church or a congregation that is a little bit more open-minded than most. I base my beliefs off of the Bible and I feel that this is the inspired word of God.I believe that the main message in the Bible is one of love and that getting to heaven isnt based on works but is instead based on faith. There pull up stakes always be questions and many people with different viewpoints all believe that they have the answers. Religion interests me because it seems to me as if there will never be an arrogant answer to life and our purpose. Religion is one way to try to begin the attempt to explain what exactly life is. I think for many people religion is a way of coping with the fact that no one really knows for sure what death will bring.The search for meaning has always mesmerized me and this drive reoccurs continuously throughout history. Many people devote their entire life towards finding the meaning of life and while it is not my intention to do the same, I still find it an interesting subject and I believe that studying the history of religion is a great way to expand your mind and gain some insight into what has unfolded in the past. I want to continue to learn about not only my own religion but other religions as well. It is my goal to keep an open mind about everything and really beg in to understand and study all religions.

Has the improvement in high street retail logistics made us all more loyal customers??

IntroductionTo most stemmaes, the main objective is to pee-pee profit for the sh atomic number 18holders and satisfy the need and interests of all the other stakeholders in the business. However, profit making is gradually getting more difficult as the liberalisation of markets has led to massive competition in most industries (Kumar et al., 2013). Consequently, companies exhaust had to evolve in order to detain competitive and achieve their goals and objectives both in the short-term and in the long-term. One of the message commonly usanced by companies to ensure sustainable profitability is by with(predicate) capturing the true-bluety of nodes. The more loyal the guests are, the more businesses get recurring income and reduce the costs of doing business (Pepe et al., 2011). The sell livestocks in High St gull been in the act upon of improving its services to their clients and the general public. This is with the aim of improving the levels of node loyalty and thu s increasing sales (Alessandra, 2007). This paper explores the logistical improvements that rent been made by senior high street sell companies to make their service to customers more effective. It seeks to establish if those improvements imbibe related to customer loyalty to the beau monde and to the brand. This entrust be achieved through the critical analysis of the deliver chain and the detailed evaluation of the systems employed in relation to the benefits gained by High Street Logistics in its business.Findings and Analysis on High Street Retail LogisticsAgrawal and Smith (2009) define retail logistics as the flow of goods from the suppliers to the stores and then to consumers. There is a specific logistical model through which this flow is managed to ensure efficiency and cost effectiveness in the process of doing business. The level of competition in high street retail is very high and all companies need to have a competitive advantage in order to be able to survive a nd thrive in the industry (Bruce & Daly, 2011). As such(prenominal), on that point is need for companies to evolve and adapt to the latest trends so as to continue being profitable. Customer loyalty is critical in the performance of retail stores globally. The cost of retaining customers is far much cheaper than that of acquiring new customers thus simplification the cost of doing business for an organisation (Chan & Ip, 2011). The other advantage that is derived from customer loyalty is that the loyal customers will help in the marketing process of the brand name (Alessandra, 2007). Statistics from McKinsey.com (2013) indicate that more people tend to use brands, products or services that have been recommended by people that they know. Thus, such references goat only be made by customers who are loyal to the company or brand. To make the customers loyal, retail stores have come up with incentives to entice their clients to continue shopping with them (Lawfer, 2004). Such incenti ves have involved logistical changes which have improved over the years and part of such an improvement is multichannel retailing. This section intends to address some of these logistical improvements that have been made by high street retail stores.Multichannel RetailingWithin the last decade, there has been a shift of retail logistics principles from the traditional modules to the multichannel retailing (Waters, 2010). This evolution has been facilitated and necessitated by technological advancement, the rise and expansion of the internet, and change in purchasing habits. Convenience for the customers has been the prime focus in the evolution of the logistical processes where the needs and wants of the clients are met through all agent possible (El-Manstrly et al., 2011). The level of logistical improvements by companies is dependent on how forward thinking the companies are. The future oriented companies have put in place measures in its logistical process to ensure that needs of their techno savvy clients are met in the best way possible (Agrawal & Smith, 2009). As a major improvement in the retail logistics in high street retailing, multichannel retailing is termed to be customer centric and transformative to the manner in which the both customers and the retailers relate (Miller, 2012). The process starts with research of the tastes and preferences of the consumers even before the products are stoked. The emerging trends of the market are to a fault monitored and scientific analysis conducted to ensure that the company is able to counter the needs of the customer (Poloian, 2009). The anticipation of what the customers need has been able to help in satisfying the needs of the customers better and more effectively thus creating a perfect kind between the company and the customers. This in do work fosters customer loyalty to the highest levels (El-Manstrly et al., 2011).Multichannel retailing involves the use of multiple channels to facilitate trade an d other transactions, which include after sale service to existing and potential clients, browsing for the desired goods and services, acquire of the goods and services, locomote of faulty goods and post sale services to the clients (Poloian, 2009). Based on the channels that a company uses to make sales, the logistics of the retail company are customised to suit the business organisation and the goals/objectives of the company. For instance, Argos only used to sell to their clients through their retail stores. However, there was need to develop an online presence in order to be as competitive as companies such as Wal-Mart (Miller, 2012). As a result, the company started an online store which has turned out to be very effective and profitable. Customers prefer the online store as they burn down window shop without much hustle and get better prices for the goods and services that they need (Pearson, 2012 Grewal et al., 2011). The online stores also created a need for delivery sys tems to be part of the logistics package. The goods that have been purchased by the clients are delivered to their door steps for their convenience. Multichannel retailing has contri anded towards increasing customer loyalty because regardless of what could be termed as an inconvenience to make a purchase via one channel, there is always an alternative. As such, customer needs are catered for in a better manner, which also increases loyalty (Bruce & Daly, 2011). Even though researchers have established that multichannel retailing is highly beneficial for customers, the fact that customers are always looking for better deals especially when shopping online makes it challenging for a single business or brand to maintain certain loyal customers. This is especially when other brands are also trying to attract the same customers (Pearson, 2012). info MiningData mining has been one of the most conspicuous forms of improvement in the retail logistics that has been experienced in high str eet retailing. It is conducted by companies by reviewing the shopping trends of their clients and enables them to make predictions on the types of products or service that will be needed by their clients (Kantardzic, 2011). For instance, a company can check on its online stores which goods have been purchased most and by what category of their customers for instance, the products could have been purchased by female customers with young children and from a specific region of the country or part of the city (Linoff & Berry, 2011). By possessing this data, the store can be able to stock the product for an anticipated need or to maximize on the profitability of the product. The same case applies to seasonal products which need strategic stocking for limited resources not to be wasted (Phan & Vogel, 2010).Clipper, the leading retail and high value logistics company in the United Kingdom investigated the changes taking place in the retail logistic that are taking place in high street reta ilers presently and that are anticipated in the near future (Clipper Logistics, 2013). The company notes that in todays ever changing world, high street retailers cannot afford to lack creativity and innovativeness the way that they do business (Clipper Logistics, 2013). Thus, it is necessary for companies to ponder strategies that will give them a competitive edge over their competitors. In some cases, however, companies have been sued for mining client data through unauthorised means (Kantardzic, 2011). Whereas data mining is intended to provide more customized customer services that will increase customer loyalty, such incidents are detrimental to the achievement of this objective. For companies that use the appropriate means to mine data and provide services tailored to meet the needs of clients, there is a definite potential of increased customer loyalty (Linoff & Berry, 2011).Other Logistical ImprovementsMany retail logistics companies offer a full redesign of a companys logi stics system, which includes fully automated or semi-automated warehousing systems which run most the retail channels for their clients (Agrawal & Smith, 2009). The other service that is offered is inventory management for the purposes of improving the shelf availability of the products and services. Distribution to clients and dealing with suppliers is other role that has been taken over by retail logistics companies as service providers (Poloian, 2009). Most of the high street retailers have outsourced these services while others have clear-cut to have an in-built system but seek the consultancy services of retail logistics companies. No matter the approach taken, the main aim is to improve on service delivery, reducing the costs of doing business and ensuring that the customers needs are met (Bruce & Daly, 2011). Many high street retailers also have follow-up surveys to ensure that the quality of customer service is up to the required standards. With the current level of intern et accessibility among consumers, if feedback is not collected from the clients directly, it is received on social media platforms where most clients air there grievance (McKinsey.com, 2013). To void such situations, logistics of retail high street retailers have undergone some(prenominal) improvements to ensure prompt and adequate communication with customers (Phan & Vogel, 2010Grewal et al., 2011). All these improvements that have been made by companies have been done with the aim of increasing customer satisfaction as well as improving their competitive edges (McKinsey.com, 2013). This has also led to an increase in customer loyalty for high-street retailers.ConclusionAll businesses have to evolve at one point or another in order to remain relevant in the business world. High street is no different from other competitive markets for retail business and most companies have come up with ways and means to ensure that their retail logistics are up to the latest standards and that a ll the customers are satisfied. Improvements in the logistical processes, such as the delivery of goods, e-commerce through mobile applications and online store and the innovation in new channels for retail, have played a great role in customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction in turn translates into more sales for the company and most importantly it translates to customer loyalty. The level of customer loyalty has been enhanced through the new services that have been brought some by the improvement in the logistics of these companies. However, the fact that some logistical developments require a lot of customer information has raised some scepticism among several customers. Based on technological advancement, the level of competition in the market and the changing consumer needs, more changes and improvements are still expected.RecommendationsAlthough much has been done in the retail logistics sectors, there is still more to be done through technological advancement. Applicatio n of artificial intelligence to the logistical process is recommended for the retail stores to serve the purposes of automating processes and making predictions of future consumer trends with higher accuracy (Bodhani, 2012). The use of artificial intelligence will not only raise the integrity of the companies and the transactions in which they are involved, but will also aid in fully satisfying the needs of the customers even without the mentioning of the needs by the clients (Phan & Vogel, 2010). Such high quality services will lead to customer loyalty and thus profitability of the high street retail stores. One of the limitations of this recommendation, however, is the fact that it needs a lot of financial jacket to implement.ReferencesAgrawal, N. M., & Smith, S. A. (2009). Retail supply chain management quantitative models and empirical studies. New York Springer.Alessandra, A. J. (2007). Stairs of customer loyalty. New Jersey Electronic & Database Publishers.Bodhani, A. (2012). Shops offer the e-tail experience. Engineering & Technology, 7 (5), 46-49.Bruce, M., & Daly, L. (2011). Adding value challenges for UK apparel supply chain managementa review. Production Planning & Control, 22 (3), 210-220.Chan, S. L., & Ip, W. H. (2011). A dynamic decision support system to predict the value of customer for new product development. Decision Support Systems, 52 (1), 178-188.Clipper Logistics. (2013). Evolution vs Revolution. Death of the High StreetRetrieved July 18, 2014, from http//www.clippergroup.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Future-Forum-Conference-Brochure.indd-2.pdfEl-Manstrly, D., Paton, R., Veloutsou, C., & Moutinho, L. (2011). An empirical investigation of the coitus effect of trust and switching costs on service loyalty in the UK retail banking industry. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 16 (2), 101-110.Grewal, D., Hall, K., & Robertson, J. R. (2011). Innovations in retail pricing and promotions. Journal of Retailing, 87, 543-552.Kantardzic, M . (2011). Data mining concepts, models, methods, and algorithms. New Jersey John Wiley & Sons.Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Shah, R., & Rajan, B. (2013). Establishing profitable customer loyalty for multinational companies in the emerging economies a abstract framework. Journal of International Marketing, 21 (1), 57-80.Lawfer, M. R. (2004). Why customers come back how to create lasting customer loyalty. Franklin Lakes, NJ Career Press.Linoff, G. S., & Berry, M. J. (2011). Data mining techniques for marketing, sales, and customer relationship management. London John Wiley & Sons.McKinsey.com. (2013). Reorganizing to build customer loyalty. Retrieved July 18, 2014, from http//www.mckinsey.com/client_service/organization/case_studies/improving_on_successMiller, J. (2012). Preparing the High Street for online shopping. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal, 6 (2), 122-130.Pearson, B. (2012). The loyalty leap turning customer information into customer intimacy. New York Penguin Publishers. Pepe, M. S., Abratt, R., & Dion, P. (2011). The impact of private label brands on customer loyalty and product category profitability. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 20 (1), 27-36.Phan, D. D., & Vogel, D. R. (2010). A model of customer relationship management and business intelligence systems for catalogue and online retailers. Information & Management, 47 (2), 69-77.Poloian, L. G. (2009). Multichannel retailing. New York Fairchild Books. Waters, C. D. (2010). Global logistics new directions in supply chain management. London Kogan Page.

Is it Morally wrong for those under the age of 18 to play GTA V? Essay

Some people, mainly young over the age of eighteen , would say that people under the age of 18 shouldnt play Grand Theft Auto five for many reasons. The main one is that they spend more than time on there consoles vie those games then studying and working hard to complete homework tasks effectively. Some might suggest one of the those reasons would be that it is certified 18 and they would be breakage the law in playing that game. Another thing you could say is that GTA has sexual references and strong style and younger people shouldnt be exposed to that rude(a) behaviour.Some people already think the youth of today are over exposed to things they shouldnt be exposed to like foul language and those types of sexual references. Another point that could be raised about this video game is its racial discrimination and its sexist candidates on the world. Girls curiously would find that this game is offensive towards them in the way women are treated in this game regardless of its l ocation or year its set in. Some people from different cultures my find this game offensive because of how different races are portrayed or how they are treated. Teachers would prefer children especially those in GCSE years to focus on their work instead of playing a silly video game which isnt important in the long motivate but their grades are.Other people, mainly those under the age of 18, would argue this point. They would say it is okay to play GTA five because their family members or people around them play it. mass in high school would say things like We swear anyway. or things like Its just a video game. They like their parents or who incessantly let them play it in the first place would believe that its not like theyd re-enact these things that happen in the game in echt life.Those playing the game would say that they dont see the problem with the racist, sexist and discriminative views of this game. They might find those things give the game itd reference book or make the game more interesting. They could also argue that heretofore though its certified 18 it didnt stop them playing the uttermost(a) Grand Theft Auto game or any other 18 rated game like some of the Call Of Duty games or even games like Borderlands two and that those games were never questioned about even if lots of people knew they were playing themI think that people under the age of 18 shouldnt play GTA V because I believe that they should focus more on their studies especially towards the end of their teen age years where their school focus is more important on their exams than on a video game. I see that from a teacher point of view they would agree with that. From a girls point of view I believe that this game shouldnt be played by under 18s because it shows girls off in a bad commence and is offensive to women. This game also shows ignorance towards different races and the difference between men and women. The discrimination between races and women shows that the people w ho create this game obviously didnt typify for a younger audience.

Analysis of Social Class

Paper 2 Analysis of Stratification Social Class Introduction This report leave behind describe this students informed opinion regarding the course of instruction structure in the United States in terms of social kinfolk. Prior to researching for this makeup this student did not think much about social class. However after knowing what she now knows it seems impossible to not realize the stratification in community. This paper will discuss key terms, additional readings, new friendship regarding social class, and a critique of class structure. Class structure purchase order is divided into sevensome sections The superintendent rich, wealthy, upper marrow class, lower middle class, functional class, the working poor, and the underclass. The super rich includes the persons who need benefits such as A social register, alumni set asides at Ivy League schools, interlocking corporate boards of directors, and whose incomes ar over $250,000. The wealthy class includes those wit h incomes over $200,000, children in private schools, and servants. The upper middle class includes slightly 23% of the households in the United States.The incomes in this class of society range from $75,000 to $199,000. They are highly educated and professional, and active in local politics. The lower middle class is the most diverse class and is typically comprised of teachers, nurses, firefighters, police officers, and office workers. Their annual incomes range from $50,000 to $74,999. Their children can only attend college with work-study or student loans. The working class or blue collar class of society have jobs, not careers, as factory workers or clerical workers, or in cordial reception and tourism.The working class comprises 27% of the class structure. The children of the working class attend a community college for two years but are not credibly to graduate. The working poors annual income does not exceed $25,000, they have unst able work without benefits, and include the highest percentage of people of color. The last class of society as outlined by Dr. Armstead, is the underclass. This class is growing rapidly. It includes about 15. 6 million unskilled workers and unemployed young mothers.There are other economical stratification systems which include Closed systems, open systems, Marxian model, and Weberian model. People born into a closed system are assigned their class position at birth and will never have an opportunity to better their situation. An example of this is Indias cast system. Those individuals living in an open system have an opportunity to move from nonpareil social class to another. No system is completely open or closed. The Marxian model divides society into four classes capitalist class, managerial class, small business class, and the working class.The Weberian model divides society into six sections upper class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and underclass. Additional Readings There are divergent social and economic lifestyles among the social classes. For example, Dr. William Domhoff believes the elite class of society sticks together by relaxing and socializing with each other at exclusive places such as The Bohemian Grove in California. Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich went undercover as an unskilled worker posing as a cleaning lady, waitress, nursing home aid, hotel maid, and Wal-Mart sales clerk.Through her journey, readers were able to see what prosperity looks like through the eyes of the lowest level workers. The root causes of inequality are still not entirely understood as D. Weinberg explains in A Brief Look at Postwar U. S Income Inequality. One of the factors that influence inequality is the wage distribution has become considerably more than unequal with more highly skilled, trained, and educated at the top experiencing real wage gains and those at the bottom experiencing real wage losses (P60-191 3).Also divorces, births out of wedlock, and the chan ge magnitude age at first marriage have led to a shift a delegacy from married couple households and toward single parent household, which typically have lower incomes. What Was Learned Just like H. Gans in his The Uses Of Poverty, this student too thought it would be impossible to find the positive functions of poverty. Without the poor, who would do the revolting work? Such as field working or truck farming. Gans explains an interesting function of poverty which is that the poor help keep the rich busy. Society uses the poor as beneficiaries of charity affairs.One more example outlined by Gans is, since the poor are originless they absorb the costs of change and growth in American society. They are pushed out of their neighborhood to make room for progress which includes express ways, hospitals, and universities. The poor are important in their own ways. The poor charge the tomatoes that the rich eat. Even though the rich may eat organic tomatoes, both chew and swallow tomatoes in the same way. This student acknowledges that there are indeed distinct social classes moreover each class has its own distinct and important role in society.Critique of Class Structure Like a cast system, J. Rawls explains that most Americans raised at the top or bottom are likely to stay there as adults. The graph in the power point lessons shows a small deviation however the majority of society tends to stay in the class which they were born into. Of course social class in the United States does not compare to Indias cast system because in the United States, there is much much more opportunity to better your situation. another(prenominal) eye opening aspect of this project was B. Ehrenreichs book.It was interesting to see how the low paid jobs which are considered unskilled actually require a galvanic pile of skill. Even the lowest paid job, requires exhausting mental and muscular effort. As D. Weinberg said, what if food stamps and welfare checks were added into the definit ion of income? If the definition of income was broadened, would any of the class percentages change? The way our society is divided there are some negative aspects such as Poor neighborhoods have run down schools unlike upper class neighborhoods, whose schools have well maintained lawns and graffiti free walls.Also these underclass neighborhoods are high in crime. Until only recently have poorer neighborhoods in Miami held farmers markets and book fairs. In this students ideal society, most of society would be middle class, leaving political agendas and the running of huge corporations up to the super rich. This student feels soberly about assigning some people to the underclass of this ideal society, but she understands now that the poor play an essential part of a healthy society.Between the facts provided in the various power point lessons and the additional reading assigned, one is able to formulate their own opinion about society in the United States and its different class di visions. This paper has described this students informed opinion regarding the class structure in the United States in terms of social class. The seven key terms, super rich, wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, the working poor, and the underclass have been explained, and additional readings have been discussed.All of this along with new knowledge regarding social class has enabled this student to critique the class structure in the United States. It is important that when studying or speaking with others about societal class division, that the speaker and listener keep an open mind. One can hope for equality for all, but as Dr. Armstead explains, total equality for all is impossible however fairness for all is achievable. Citations Hunt, Elgin and Colander, David. (2011). Social Science An Introduction to the Study of Society. 14th Edition. Boston, MA Allyn & Bacon. www. trinity. edu/mkearl/strat. html www. census. gov

Gender stereotypes

Gender stereotypes refer to the characterisation of groups based on their basic sexual practice attribute as male or female. The sexuality-based stereotypes argon the alter evaluations of male and female groups that are shared by the community, a culture, a society. The evaluations usually encompass the attributes of physical capability, psychological state, personality, interests and behaviour. ( grunter & Vaughan, 2008) These attributions could be based on point that such as the differences in the physiological and hormonal characteristics of males and females.However, the evaluations may be overstated. The different attribute evaluations may not be supported by evidence. (Myers, 2008) The character and source of stereotypes lead to two implications. One implication is on the positive or interdict impact of sex activity stereotypes. Women as emotional and men as rational could be positive when considered as strengths but these stereotypes could in any case be negative when used to discriminate or exclude in the workplace and in other situations.The other implications is the non-predictive value of these stereotypes over the individual attributes of members of the group. While women are stereotyped as emotional and men are stereotyped as rational, these are not necessarily the core attributes of all females or males. Nevertheless, gender stereotypes are pervasive in different cultures and form part of day-to-day lives. As such, gender stereotypes form during the growing up years (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008). Acquired gender stereotypes develop alongside gender fibers, beguile gender roles and are reinforced by gender roles. ground the factors that foster the education of gender stereotypes and gender roles provide the key areas in influencing the learning or in changing the stereotypes and gender roles developed during childhood. Children going by means of the developmental stages are exposed to different factors that work out their development of gen der stereotypes and gender roles. Two of the most pervasive fixs on the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children are parental influence and media influence. The earliest motion picture of children to the meaning of gender and gender differences is from parents.During the development stage, children look up to their parents in developing perceptions, beliefs and attitudes towards mingled aspects including gender characteristics and roles. (Erkes & Trautner, 2000) Gender culture is one concept that excuses parental influence on the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children. Gender socialisation is the fulfil that facilitates interactive learning of certain behaviours considered as acceptable for males and females based on social-cultural beliefs and values (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008 Myers, 2008).The different expectations for males and females build stereotypes that are reinforced by how these are exacted from children by their parents, The a ttitudes of parents towards their children, in terms of the encouragement of gendered activities and interests, influence the development of gender stereotypes and roles (Eckes & Trautner, 2000). One manifestation of parental attitudes towards gender is differentiation through colours and patterns (Cunningham, 2001). As too soon as the pregnancy, the babys room is designed and furnished according to the expected gender of the baby.When babies are born, parents buy things such as clothes and other items depending on the gender of their child. Typically, pink is the colour for female babies and blue for male babies. Floral and other similar patterns are bought for girls while cars and truck prints are designated for boys. Dolls are typically for girls and cars or trains for boys. These attitudes and behaviours of parents communicate differences between males and females together with expectations on the concurrent attitudes and behaviour of their male or female children.Another manif estation of parental influence is the chores assumed by parents and assigned to their children (Cunningham, 2001). Usually, girls have more chores inside the household. Mothers usually obtain help from daughters. Sons are also assigned chores but these commonly tinge to work such as lifting or other manual work. These gendered attitudes and behaviours of parents exert influence during socialisation with their children who are receptive to the explicit and implicit messages communicated to them (Eckes & Trautner, 2000) As they blend in aware of gender differences, they also develop male and female stereotypes.Concurrently, they also start to assume gender roles. Parental influence during the development stages is the key to the development of gender identity. Gender stereotypes and roles acquired during childhood are likely to be retained in the long-term. Parental identification is another concept that explains parental influence as a factor contributing to the development of gend er stereotypes and gender roles in children. Parental identification is the process of internalising he attributes of parents and the unconscious repetition of the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of parents by children (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008). Male children internalise the observed characteristics of their fathers and female children internalise the attributes of their mothers. The gender stereotypes shared and exhibited by parents and the gender roles assumed by the parents constitute signals of the attributes of males and females. Socio-economic background influence the design of gendered attributes of parents.Apart from an expected higher educational level for families with higher incomes, gender stereotypes and gender roles is linked to economic status. In developing countries with high poverty rates, gender stereotyping and gender roles are strong. Male preference is tied to expectations of bigger income. Manual work, which is the predominant work, is delegated to males. D omestic chores are assigned to females. In developed countries, female children bunk to have lesser restrictions in terms of expected roles.Nevertheless, other factors such as educational attainment of parents determine the gendered attributes observed from parents. Parental influence tolerates to the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children through the processes of gender socialisation and parental identification with children becoming aware of gender differences through the attitudes and behaviours of parents. The media refers to a wide rate of venues including television, gaming consoles, mobile phones, and the Internet. Exposure of children to media has increased over the past five years.A recent survey showed that half of the children under the ages of 5-7 have televisions inside their room that they can use anytime without parental supervision. Households with a gaming console have also risen from 67 to 85 percent. Children in this age group also incr easingly own personal mobile phones. Every one in five children between 5-7 years old can access the Internet in their homes without supervision from their parents. These support the strong influence of media on children during the development years.There are benefits and downsides to the exposure of children to media. The benefits include reinforcement and support for academic learning. The Internet has contract a virtual encyclopaedia for children. Another benefit is social learning. However, the benefits are not absolute and largely depend on the type of media content exposure (Villani, 2001). The downside is the adverse influences on perceptions, attitudes, personality and behaviour from the media content and lack of parental supervision to medicate media influence.Media has an influence on the development needs of young children depending on the media content and the internalisation of this content. Gender stereotyping and gender roles are developmental areas strongly affected by media. Gender socialisation also occurs through media influence. Gender socialisation through media refers to the interaction between children and media content presented in various venues (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008 Myers, 2008). The nature of interaction involves the expression of messages pertaining to gender by media content and mode of delivery.Children internalise these messages to influence their development of ideas on gender, which together with their experiences, affect the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles. Movies and television shows comprise a media more popularly accessible to children. When media portray gendered messages aligns with their effective experiences, then media becomes a reinforcement of their awareness of gendered meanings. If media portrayal differs from their experiences, then other influences such as peers and the school become mediating factors in the development of perceptions about gender.The role of parental supervision is the key t o how children internalise gendered messages from movies and television shows. Games are mostly role playing games with players selecting their characters, In the case of games designed for children, gender distinctions emerge from the groundwork of characters with physical attributes reflecting beauty for girl characters and strength for boy characters (Villani, 2001). The characters usually have clear-cut gender delineations with male characters with muscled physique and female characters with curvaceous physique.The characters in games influence gender stereotypes by providing models of expected physical and psychological attributes of boys and girls. These influence the development of identity and assumption of roles of children. Advertisements express gender categorisation. In a study of advertisements targeting children in the United States and Australia, there is a common trend towards gender stereotyping. The portrayal of boys or the message of advertisements for products i ntended for boys express aggressiveness, mental dominance, active lifestyle and avidity in operating instruments.The advertisement targeting girls express physical attributes and embellishments. (Browne, 1998) Exposure to gendered advertisements also influences the awareness of children of gender differences and expectations. Gender role identification and categorisation also explain how media contributes to the development of gender stereotyping and gender roles in children. Gender role identification pertains to the association with a gender by an individual. Gender categorisation refers to the classification of attributes for males and females. Hogg & Vaughan, 2008Myers, 2008) During the development years, children internalise media influences in categorising attributes. Their awareness of gender then leads them to identify with the attributes and role expectations of their gender. The extent of influence of media on the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles depends on the extent of exposure of children and the mediating role of parental supervision or intervention together with other influences.Parental influence and media influence are two factors that contribute to the development of gender stereotyping and gender roles in children. Gender socialisation and identification explain the influence on children. As strong influences, it is also through these factors that negative gender stereotypes and gender roles can be changed. Parents exercise authority and moral ascendancy over their children and children look up towards their parents for guidance or models during the development years.Parents should clear their role in guiding the perspectives, attitudes and behaviour of children towards gender and gender identity development. There is need for parents to become conscious of destructive gender stereotypes and gender roles and proactively claim changes, The interaction between various forms of media and children is increasing in frequency. While there are more gender sensitive and androgynous media content, children need parental supervision in internalising media content, especially since children are exposed not only to media intended for them but also to media intended for adults.

How Did Manifest Destiny Manifest Itself?

How did licence mountain obvious itself? Manifest fatality presented itself in several guidances during the period 1840-1896. Almost every(prenominal) major crisis or notable event was someways related to manifest exigency. To understand the meaning of Manifest Destiny, we need to go back to its origins. The term Manifest Destiny was first used by John O? Sullivan in July-August 1845, in the Democratic check over our manifest destiny to overspread the continent al allotted by Providence for the let loose development of our p.a. multiplying millions O? Sullivan utter this while asking Congress for the annexation of Texas.The annexation followed quickly after solely O? Sullivan? s use of sentence was barely noticed. Later in 1845, O? Sullivan reused the phrase only if this while it created an extremely influential political idea. The general idea of Sullivan? s phrase was that matinee idol gave the unify States of America territory so that the American hatful could tra vel westernwards and settle on state of matter that was rightfully theirs. We can notice that Manifest Destiny is a racial doctrine and it put earlier the white supremacy. Some multitude say, that the idea served as a justification for the expropriation of aboriginal American realms.This theory cost the death of many Whites, Blacks and inborn Americans. O? Sullivan created the perfect excuse for politicians like Polk, to push off their proposes of expansion in the West. James Polk was the 11th President of the United States and was in charge during some(prenominal) of the annexation of Texas and the Mexican War. He is one of the only presidents that competed his agenda while he was in his office. He was the oddment president before the outbreak of the Civil War. He is mostly remembered for his foreign policy success. The only yard Polk was not criticized a lot about the war was that he put forward Manifest Destiny.He stated that he was fighting for the Americans so tha t they could run for westwards into youthful land. While the Mexican war was red ink on, Polk managed to increase the size of Texas, gain new territories of California, Nevada and Utah. This war of two years resulted in the treaty of Guadeloupe. jibe to different Sources, the treaty of Guadeloupe gave the USA an area of land from 900,000 square miles. Because of all this new and unpopulated land, the American government was keen on populating these areas to get for example much export availabilities. This caused a lot of Americans to move west because it was a new opportunity for them.From 1940 to 1962, four new laws were put through which encouraged people to move westwards. The Religion of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, more commonly cognise as the Mormons was an another(prenominal) cause why the western boundary lines were shaped by Manifest Destiny. The Mormons claimed that people from capital of Israel were helped by god to get to the western hemisphere 600 years before Jesus Christ was born. harmonize to Smith, the western land was rightfully the property of the Mormons and therefore resembles with the doctrine of Manifest Destiny. Smith died before organism able to bring his people west.The LDS were persecuted so much because of their beliefs in Ohio and Illinois, that when Brigham Young took over, he killed going westwards. The plan was to escape was to create a phantasmal state in Utah. On the way to the West, they were attacked by both Native Americans and other Whites (mostly Mormons). When they arrived, Young founded Salt Lake City and became governor of Utah. It was in Utah, where the Mormons fought bitterly against other religious movements because of their previous hounding. The Oregon Boundary Dispute was another incident that was the cause of manifest destiny.It had been a occupation since 1818 when the USA and Britain claimed that the Oregon territory was their own. To avoid war, the two countries occupied the terri tory and waited for a permanent root instead. In 1844, there was another presidential election and Polk was a candidate. He promised them that he would fight for the leap to be put at 54 40-north latitude. At the same time, war tensions were at an all time height because both countries wanted land and were ready to fight for it so therefore the Treaty of working capital was signed. It gave the USA and Britain, equal amounts of new land.Westward travel was made easier because railroads were built around America. It was the country with the most demonstrable railroads and they were built quickly around the country. In the end, America had over 30,000 miles of railroads. Following the railroads, a Transcontinental squeeze was built between 1863 and 1869. Americans didn? t want to cross salt flats and deserts so they wanted to be able to assert their right of manifest destiny. The railroads meant that Americans could now go around America until the Rockies in the out-of-the-way(pre nominal) west. Before people didn? go into the west but the railroads made it easy to get there and people found resources in the ground which gave them money and the opportunity of a new way of living. A lot of people from the east who fought in the Civil War moved to the west because they saw a new opportunity of prosperity. This also helped the transcontinental railroad. Like a lot of other events, which were related to manifest destiny, minorities were abused. It was the Irish and the Chinese, which spent the most time on the railroads but in the end, it was the whites, which benefited the most from the economical growth.Behind this national triumph, the Native Americans and the Chinese immigrants were completely socially excluded. Another aspect of manifest destiny is the American reaction when bills was discovered in California. It was found at the Sutter? s mill by James Marshall in 1848. The gold rush lasted from 1848 to 1855 and it was a huge boom for California. Manifest Destiny developed in a completely different idea during that period. The WASP? s were actively looking for gold and they tried to proceed the minorities from finding any expensive resources. The Whites also benefited from the treaty of Govt.While the whites found minerals, the water of the Native Americans was poisoned and not lily-white so therefore they suffered from disease and sometimes-even death. Native Americans also died of smallpox and other rear diseases At the start of Manifest Destiny, less then 20,000 people lived in California. By 1855, there were over 300,000 gold seekers. Because of this bulky increase, anti-foreigner laws were passed. Racist ideas were passed on in generations and the tax for immigrants got increased so that they would move out of America. Manifest Destiny was again used as an excuse for white supremacy.Sometimes, the government just took land and said that God told them to. After a few years, California became its own state when all the Native A mericans were gone. People, which were pro- slavery, argued that manifest destiny allowed them to bring their slaves into the new land. In their point of view, they helped the slaves because they gave them food and a few supplies but in incident the slaves were treated badly and it wasn? t right to do it. Before the Mexican war, there had been 15 pro-slavery states and 15 anti-slavery states. In 1850, the Missouri Compromise took place. The compromise included The admission of California as a free state * The Texas dept. would be taken to the federal government * A better Fugitive Slave cultivate (FSA) * The continuation of slavery but the abolition of slavery in Washington DC In the Kansas-Nebraska problem, manifest destiny manifested itself in several ways. Because Kansas was on the border between the South and the North, there was a sizable problem for the government whether to allow slavery or not. There was a public outcry when Douglas, who was the setoff up for the preside ncy as a democrat, repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise.Obviously, the north didn? t want any more slave states. To oppose the idea of Kansas, the northerners shipped people to Kansas while the south send people over the border into the state. Eventually a fight broke up and there were murders. In the end, unfortunately for Douglas, the problem he had caused was the end of Manifest Destiny. So instead of getting stronger and unifying the democrats, Douglas had split the party into two. When the conflict came to an end, when the west had been populated, the land taken and the American Indians killed, manifest destiny was just not what it had been before.There was no more land to capture but unfortunately that didn? t mean the end of Manifest Destiny. According to Turner? s theory, the frontier drew and promoted some types of people which wouldn? t have risen as high without the frontier. It could more or less be called the survival of the fittest. The ones that adapted best got the most out of their own situation. Jameson on the other heap claimed, that the frontier held back the revolutionaries so when the frontier was gone, the people ceased to be revolutionary. To oppose this theory, Turner argues because of this, these men and women flourished.The variation between the two men was that Jameson looks at the frontier as a very active agent, which make the people while Turner states that the frontier attracted people which were looking for a new opportunity. Manifest Destiny had a lot of serious consequences for Native Americans, since the expansion into the West by the Americans meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land. This land was sometimes even used to expand slavery. The Americans only recognized parts of the Indian territory and this was supported by the Washington Administration which was signed by Henry Knox who was the Secretary of War.As a conclusion, manifest destiny manifested itself during almost every major event in the p eriod 1840-1896. It was the reason of every conflict, in the minds of every pioneer and behind every political move towards the expansion of the United States of America. It had ternion main components but most saw the doctrine as a literal thought. Many said that it was a White man? s yoke to bear. A minority saw in it a sense of a mission. They saw a historical need that America needed to expand to be able to rule the whole continent. Yet for all these rather positive aims, Manifest Destiny had its distressing side.The negative thing about Manifest Destiny is that apparently it gave the whites the right to burn, kill and raze anything that came in their way of expanding into the west. No one thought about what they were doing to the Native Americans until after they were dead. I think, the Americans used manifest destiny as a rallying cry, which said We are superior, we are better than you. In other words, America manifested itself to satisfy the hunger for land that the Americ an people had at the time. It served as a way to greaten the United States of America and please its people.

Dignity Of Difference

globalization has been described as the interconnection of the humans through new systems of communication (Sacks, 27). Thus its alone the increase interaction of the world through trade, communication, education, which is brought about by limited restrictions. In the book The haughtiness of difference Sacks portrays the world as a global entity by ascertaining that the issue of globalization be it stintingal, policy-making or cultural has it advantages as well as shortcomings .In globalization its benefits are not outspread evenly, there are winners and losers (Sacks 2002, 27). . The economic aspect of globalization fit in to sacks is old enough in that integrating of distant regions into a single international economy has been a continuous process extending back for numerous centuries (27) Economic globalization The phenomenon of globalization has greatly impacted todays society in a tremendous way.According to Sacks Economic globalization has been achieved through a numb er of factors that have led to increased interconnectedness of different parts of the world. Such factors include the presence of free market say, which is characterized by increased movement of goods and operate across the countries, through use of common currency, through international banking institutions such(prenominal) as the international financial funds, the World Bank and common trade organisations such as the world trade organization.In the book Sacks cites that economic globalization has led to increased movement of goods which has led to increased avail great power of variety of goods which leave the consumer with independence of choice, further it has led to increased job opportunities Free market is the best means we have provided discovered for alleviating poverty and creating a human environment of independence, dignity and creativity(Sacks,2002,16). Increased trade and avocation opportunities, further lead to improved living standards.However despite the sai d advantages, the benefits dont reflect evenly all over the world especially due to capitalism which emphasizes on wealth creation, favoring the fat unless imposing a heavy burden on the poor. Sacks, cogently explain that the issue of globalization which has led to capitalism, its difficult to comprehend in that it has it has its disadvantages. For instance it has led to increased inequality. ascribable to this phenomenon the gap between the poor and rich has increased tremendously conduct to increased poverty level. According to Sacks as a result of increased shift of production employment rates decline leadership to unemployment especially in poor countries. Due to globalization ,the rich countries restrict trade in that they impose tariffs and subsidies on goods, which are imported from growth countries this affects the, poor countries GDP often leading to increased suffering of citizensAnother negative effect of globalization according to Sacks is the problem of debt create d by international financial institution who often led money to poor and evolution countries. This debts are mostly accompanied by heavy disciplinary which according to Sacks, hurt the countries infrastructure and growth. In essence sacks quips that due to globalizations the moral consciousness brought about by the emerging inequalities is completely destroyed leading to a shift in people behavior as individuals move their attention from family members to the neighbors and the outside society.Also economic globalization has been viewed as to undermine the peoples sense of moral responsibility, in that due to global market ,individuals and countries catch out it hard to understand their responsibilities, for instance Sacks explains situation where due to increased transactions caused by global market an individuals responsibility is rendered irrelevant. Sacks, to a fault blame the September 11 attack on globalization in that the attacks were mean through internet and as a result o f capitalism.He states that, the very elements of capitalism made it possible for such attacks on innocent civilians to take place. Alternatives to conflicts For ages conflicts have continued to exist in the world often leading to tremendous and disastrous repercussions on mankind. These conflicts such as terrorism and poverty according to sacks have resulted despite increased globalization.In his book the Dignity of difference, Sacks tries to emphasize on the importance of virtues such as humility, restraint reverence, and ability to listen in trying to confront human problems, especially those associated to religious ideologies. In the book also Sacks quips that for the world civilization to completely destroy the evil associated with globalization especially the increased acts of organized crime, its central to incorporate in the society the ideals of religious traditions and wisdom.In that such attributes are the sustained reflections of humanitys place in nature and what const itutes the proper goals of society (Sacks 2002, 12). in essence Sacks stresses the utmost importance of respecting the differences of others which should be observe in a way that promotes dignity. The book the Dignity of difference by Sacks highlights on importance of the world civilization to embrace tolerance and respect while dealing with those who are unique and different from us. In that its important to recognize the uniqueness of every individual and society.He quips that what happened in New York was as a result of crashing of civilization and could have been avoided if every religion had respected and acknowledged its differences while maintaining dignity. Thus for us to solve modern conflicts and problems we should embrace religion and respect each others differences. Conclusion Its wise to cease that though globalization is a blessing it has led to increased conflicts and suffering. And as such if humanity is to plump the onslaught of the dangers posed by globalization religion is paramount, whether Christianity, Islam or Judaism.

Advent Of Implants Rendered Endodontics Health And Social Care Essay

The vindication for thrust outing a tooth which has been endodontically interact and puting an introduce in its position is a sensitive and bellicose maven. In 2005 Ruskin et al1 published a professional legal opinion article in which a strong instance is made for the parentage of dentitions and immediate arrangement of an ingraft over endodontic treatment. The writers province that the literature provides a clear advantage for constitutes in footings of victor evaluate, predictability, and cost when comp atomic number 18d with endodontic therapy. This forecast of view represents one positive of what is going a turning argument sing whether or non to pull out a tooth which whitethorn be otherwise retained through endodontic hindrance in favor of an endosseous insert. With the osseointegrated alveolar concordant implant construct developed by Brnemark going a widely accepted intervention dash for the replacing of losing dentition, the pick to retain a morbid tooth thr ough endodontic intervention or pull out it and put an endosseous implant-borne prosthetic device is going a modern treatment-planning quandary. There is no indecision that the modern implant is a brilliant intervention pick when dentitions impart been lost due to periodontal disease, cavities, or traumatic hurt. However, does the crusade support the bold claims of Ruskin and others? This reappraisal aims to reply this inquiry by analyzing the grounds available in the literature, comparing some(prenominal) intervention options under a figure of standards, and offering an sentiment as to whether the coming of implants truly has rendered endodontias disused.When researching the literature to comp ar betwixt triumph rate of endodontic and implant intervention, a common job is cited in many articles12-15 relating to the markedly different standards used to mensurate success. Torabinejad et al16 put that result steps used in the endodontic literature were much rigorous than those in implant surveies. Endodontic success seems to be assessed utilizing the standards set out by Strindberg in 195617 ( or alterations of these criteria18 ) , which require the absence of periapical radiolucencies with a normal, integral periodontal ligament and integral lamina dura environing the vertex. Clinical map and histopathological rating of biopsied tissue samples pay besides been used19. However, the success of implants has been just aboutly judged on survivability. Implant endurance has been described by Albrektsson20 as implants that are still in map but unseasoned against the positive result standards outlined by Watson et al21, i.e. an implant which is functional, symptom free and with no obvious clinical pathology. Therefore, the translation of endurance as found in the implant literature does non take into history the fact that there may be associated bone way out, loss or periodontal defects associated with these implants. For illustration, in a survey condu cted by Brocard et al22, implants with marks of peri-implantitis and maintained by antibiotic drug intervention were non considered failures. Therefore, it has been suggested that success rates for endodontic therapy and implants may be unnaturally low and high, severally, because of the narrow definition of success used in endodontic clinical research and the slightly broad standards for success in the implant literature.In add-on to this job, Morris et al12 found that success rates of endodontic intervention surveies may be negatively biased because of the varying degrees of clinical experience of those executing the interventions, with the bulk of processs being performed by ecumenic practicians and pupils in the endodontic literature15, 23. In contrast to this, most implants were placed by specialists24.Some surveies have striven to appointment these disagreements. Hannahan and Eleazer25 gauged twain intervention types by specifying success as the radiographic grounds that t he implant or treated tooth was still present in the oral cavity and that there were no marks or symptoms necessitating intervention during the follow up period. They found that there was no important passing between the success of any implant or endodontic intervention ( 98.4 % and 99.3 % severally ) but that there was a important difference in the demand for intercession subsequently intervention, with 12.4 % of implants but merely 1.4 % of endodontically treated teeth necessitating intercessions. These findings were supported in a retrospective chart review14, which found that both interventions had similar failure rates but that implants had a higher frequence of operative complications which required intercession ( 17.9 % ) . Deporter et al26 besides found similar failure rates between the cardinal but once more reported that implants had a higher incidence of postoperative complications necessitating intervention. Additionally, two separate systematic reappraisals in 2007 13, 27 think that the two interventions produce similar results. physiological Factors, Function and AestheticssSchulte28 found that the proprioceptive mechanisms of the natural tooth basin non be replaced by ankylotic maintained implants. Trulsson29 showed that periodontic receptors expeditiously convert tonss when dentitions ab initio touch and manoeuvre nutrient, and merely a little sum of receptors encode the quick and powerful addition in force associated with seize with teething through nutrient. Consequently, patients who lack signals from periodontic afferent fibers such as those with implants show an impaired all right motor control of the mandible. Therefore, tooth loss and replacing with an implant may grip inauspicious physiological and functional effects.Aestheticss has been reported as the most general job with implants in the anterior region30. Torabinejad and Goodacre31 found that a natural tooth can frequently fulfil better aesthetic consequences than an impl ant, but that in instances where the intervention program involves coronating the natural tooth, an implant Crown may be a better pick. This is because the implant can be crafted with a thicker sum of porcelain that enhances the colour-matching potency, particularly in the cervical part.Troubles have besides been reported in accomplishing aesthetic consequences when two next anterior dentitions are replaced with implants. It has been shown that merely 3-4 millimeter of soft tissue will organize coronal to cram lying between two implants, which may take to the loss of the interdental papilla and the formation of an inaesthetic black trigon between the two restorations32. Therefore, retaining a natural tooth maintains the proximal crestal bone and interdental papilla, helping overall aesthetics and visual aspect.Cost advantageA cost benefit analysis comparing between single-tooth implants and endodontic intervention by Moiseiwitsch and Caplan33 conclude that excepting any subsidiar y processs such as bone transplants, sinus lifts or crown prolongation processs endodontias and a Crown is less expensive, requires less visits and is completed quicker than an implant. Pennington et al34 found that root canal intervention is extremely cost-efficient and that orthograde re-treatment when confronted with initial failure is besides cost effectual, although surgical re-treatment was found non to be. This allowed them to reason that implants may hold a function as a 3rd line of intercession if re-treatment fails. Christensen35 found that an implant-supported Crown cost about dual that of a root-treated tooth restored with a Crown. This grounds suggests that, at least from a fiscal point of view, endodontic intervention may be a preferred pick compared with implants.DecisionsIt is clear from the grounds that both intervention modes are, within their ain indicants, extremely successful and permanent Restorations. However, the bold suggestion of this reviews rubric is er roneous. It has been shown that it is rocky if non impossible to compare endodontic intervention and implants in footings of result because of the huge differences in the definition of success between the two in the literature. This contradicts Ruskins claim that implants keep a clear advantage and that they are more predictable in result than an endodontically treated tooth. Rigorous standards utilized in root canal prognosticative surveies may take to the recording of lower rates of success, while the usage of less terrible success standards in implant surveies may bring forth higher success rates. Iqbal and Kim13 concluded that the determination to endodontically oversee a tooth or infusion and replace it with an implant Restoration should be governed by factors other than way out because of the troubles in comparing the two, and recommended that all attempts should be made to continue the natural tooth before sing extraction and replacing. To let us to do a more accurate comp aring between the two intervention modes, standardized methods of finding success must be used in the implant literature. There is no deficiency of recommendations for such standards. Albrektsson et al36 set forward their standards for implant success in 1986 that included absence of mobility, absence of peri-implant radiolucency, absence of marks and symptoms, loss of fringy bone of less than 1.5 millimeter during the first twelvemonth after interpolation of the prosthetic device and less than 0.2 mm one-year bone loss thenceforth, and a borderline 10-year keeping rate of 80 % . Others have besides proposed add-ons to this set of criteria37, 38.What can be stated for indisputable is that endodontic intervention shows great value in its long-run permanency and success. One of the chief aims in dental medicine is the saving of the natural teething, often and successfully achieved utilizing endodontic intervention. A 2007 meta-analysis39 showed that natural dentitions encircled by n ormal healthy periodontal tissues demonstrate a really high length of assist of up to 99.5 % over 50 old ages, and even dentitions which are undermined periodontally can hold survival rates of between 92-93 % one time treated and maintained on a regular basis. This survey concluded that implants do non excel the permanency of a natural tooth even if it is compromised but treated efficaciously. Therefore an implant should non be an alternate for dentitions that can be restored and maintained.Indeed, the keeping of dentition is of import to most patients. As tooth doctors, one of our primary ends is the saving of the natural teething. We must neer shun our responsibility to salvage dentitions whenever possible, despite the frequent and sometimes aggressive protagonism of implant arrangement over root canal intervention. A conference each bit early as 1979 seeking a consensus on dental implants warned that selling was forcing what was a develop engineering into uncontrolled and exte nded use40. It has besides been shown that implant surveies have a high hazard of bias41. immediately there is a turning tendency among some purveyors of implants to advance this engineering as a well-made intervention option to endodontias, a tendency which may bias the general tooth doctors objectiveness and forbid them from befittingly measuring and reding their patients. A instance is frequently made that dentitions with failed endodontic intervention, which are campaigners for retreatment to to the full eliminate periradicular disease, have a high hazard of failure. However, there is plentiful grounds in the literature that punctilious controlled disinfection can take to about 100 % healing and function42, 43.It is this reviews recommendation that the determination to pull out a tooth with the consumption of puting an implant-borne Restoration should be dictated by the clinicians scrutiny of the single patient and based on both the grounds above and clinical opinion. In ins tances of ongoing endodontic disease, endodontic orthograde or retrograde intervention must ever be the first pick.